

{"id":95681,"date":"2021-05-31T09:00:41","date_gmt":"2021-05-31T03:30:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/?p=95681"},"modified":"2021-05-22T13:50:31","modified_gmt":"2021-05-22T08:20:31","slug":"osi-model-in-computer-network","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/osi-model-in-computer-network\/","title":{"rendered":"OSI Model &#8211; Layers, Characteristics and Functions"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">OSI Model is a structure to define the system of networking. It allows the transfer of data from one device to another over a network. Charles Bachman at Honeywell Information Systems was the one to suggest the idea of the OSI model. Initially, it wasn&#8217;t accepted well because of Internet protocol suite incompatibility. But over time, it became quite famous with international recognition. The history of the OSI model dates back to the early 1970s.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The International organization of Standardisation took an initiative to conduct a program for methods of networking in the 1970s. The United Kingdom undertook an Experimental Packet Switched System in 1973 that concluded the need for defining the higher-level protocols. The OSI model came out in 1983 intending to provide detailed specifications of actual interfaces. But eventually, in 1984, ISO announced this model as an international standard.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was after this that large IT companies and organizations started using this model widely. It became prominent with its layer structure and efficient characteristics. Let us look at them in detail now &#8211;\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Characteristics of OSI Model<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image01.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-95767\" src=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image01.jpg\" alt=\"OSI Model\" width=\"800\" height=\"628\" srcset=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image01.jpg 800w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image01-300x236.jpg 300w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image01-150x118.jpg 150w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image01-768x603.jpg 768w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image01-720x565.jpg 720w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image01-520x408.jpg 520w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image01-320x251.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">OSI Model has two layers &#8211; upper layers and lower layers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The upper layer deals with application issues using the software.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Application layers are nearest to the users.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The layer above another one refers to the upper layer.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The lower layer deals with data transport using hardware and software.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lowest layer is the physical layer as it deals with information placed on the physical medium.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Why OSI Model?<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Allows users to understand network communication.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Different network layers allow easier troubleshooting.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The development of new technology is easier to understand through this model.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Comparison of primary functional relationships is possible on various layers.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How data flows through the OSI model?<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For humans, the information passes from one network to another. But in reality, it passes through seven layers of the OSI model in both sending and receiving devices. If a person sends an email, it first reaches the application layer, where they choose a protocol and pass it to the presentation layer. The presentation layer compresses it and sends the data to the session layer for communication initialization.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The transportation layer is the next where the data segments and reaches the network layer for packet breaking. The data link layer breaks it further into frames and delivers it to the physical layer. Here, data converts into a bitstream of 1s and 0s and reaches the physical layer of the receiving device. The same process will begin but from the bottom layer till the receiver opens the email.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7 Layers of the OSI Model<\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. Physical Layer<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is the last layer of the model responsible for preparing physical devices in the network for data acceptance. It can also terminate the connection between two nodes of a network. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This layer takes in raw data which goes to higher layers later. It also converts digital bits into other signals.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Functions of Physical Layer of OSI Model<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It enables bit synchronization using a clock that controls both sender and receiver.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It also controls the transmission rate or several bits sent per second.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This layer decides the ideal topology type for node arrangement in a network.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It decides the transmission mode between the devices.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The physical consist of &#8211; Hub, Repeater, Modem, and Cables.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image02.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-95768\" src=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image02.jpg\" alt=\"7 Layers of OSI Model\" width=\"1000\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image02.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image02-300x210.jpg 300w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image02-150x105.jpg 150w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image02-768x538.jpg 768w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image02-720x504.jpg 720w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image02-520x364.jpg 520w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image02-320x224.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2. Data Link Layer<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This layer allows access to get the data by breaking it into frames for easier analysis. This ensures that data is error-free and reaches the next layer in time. It sends data in the form of packets. It has two sub-layers &#8211;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Logical Link Control<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is for transferring the packets to the next layer by identifying the protocol address from the header. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Media Access Control<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Layer creates a link to the network&#8217;s physical layer. This by obtaining the receiver&#8217;s address using Address Resolution Protocol.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Functions of Data Link Layer of OSI Model<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It frames the data in a way that is meaningful to the receiver using special bit patterns.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It adds physical addresses of both sender and receiver in every frame.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This layer controls error by detecting and retransmitting frames.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It controls the flow by calculating the amount of data before receiving it.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It determines the extent of control devices have in a given time.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Network Interface Card handles this layer using devices like switch &amp; bridge.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image03.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-95769\" src=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image03.jpg\" alt=\"Data Link layer of OSI Model\" width=\"1000\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image03.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image03-300x210.jpg 300w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image03-150x105.jpg 150w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image03-768x538.jpg 768w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image03-720x504.jpg 720w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image03-520x364.jpg 520w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image03-320x224.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3. Network Layer<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is the network controller layer responsible for transferring data from one node to another in a network. Every node has a unique address and this layer reads them to send data to the correct destination. It sends data in packet form while later connects after processing.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Functions of Network Layer of OSI Model<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It formulates a connection between different devices in a layer.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It decides the ideal route for information transfer from source to destination. This process is known as routing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This layer follows an addressing scheme to find the correct IP address universally.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It breaks information into packets using internet protocol.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image04.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-95770\" src=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image04.jpg\" alt=\"Network layer of OSI\" width=\"1200\" height=\"628\" srcset=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image04.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image04-300x157.jpg 300w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image04-1024x536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image04-150x79.jpg 150w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image04-768x402.jpg 768w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image04-720x377.jpg 720w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image04-520x272.jpg 520w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image04-320x167.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4. Transport Layer<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The transport layer manages the delivery of packets and is the heart of the OSI model. It monitors the data, segmentation\/desegmentation, and controls error. This layer starts from TP0 and continues till TP4 for fragmentation or reassembling data. It follows two protocols &#8211;\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a. Transmission Control Protocol<\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A standard protocol for internet communication between hosts. It divides data into smaller segments that travel using multiple internet routes to reach the destination. It also corrects the order of the packets at the receiving end.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b. User Datagram Protocol<\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is a transport layer protocol that is quite unreliable. The receiver does not receive any acknowledgment and the sender doesn&#8217;t even try to send it.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Functions of Transport Layer of OSI Model<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It accepts data and breaks into smaller units while sending. And it reassembles the data while receiving.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It follows a service point address to deliver the message to the correct process.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This layer provides connection-oriented service by establishing a connection, transferring data, and terminating the process. It is secure as the sender receives an acknowledgment of data delivery.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It also provides connectionless service by using data transfer. The receiver doesn&#8217;t get an acknowledged receipt but the process is faster.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image05.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-95771\" src=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image05.jpg\" alt=\"Transport layer of OSI\" width=\"1200\" height=\"628\" srcset=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image05.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image05-300x157.jpg 300w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image05-1024x536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image05-150x79.jpg 150w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image05-768x402.jpg 768w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image05-720x377.jpg 720w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image05-520x272.jpg 520w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image05-320x167.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5. Session Layer<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The number of computers in the network establishes a connection in this layer. It also takes care of establishing, managing, and terminating remote and local applications. They can also choose to terminate a complete session\/transmission.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Functions of Session Layer of OSI Model<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The layer can easily process the establishment, use, and termination of a connection.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It adds checkpoints as synchronization points into the data for identifying the error easily and avoiding data loss.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Two systems can also interact with each other in half-duplex or full-duplex.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image06.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-95772\" src=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image06.jpg\" alt=\"Session layer of OSI\" width=\"1100\" height=\"628\" srcset=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image06.jpg 1100w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image06-300x171.jpg 300w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image06-1024x585.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image06-150x86.jpg 150w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image06-768x438.jpg 768w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image06-720x411.jpg 720w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image06-520x297.jpg 520w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image06-320x183.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1100px) 100vw, 1100px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6. Presentation Layer<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This layer is responsible for converting data into semantics understood by an application. It formats the data by compression, encryption, etc., and then sends it further to other layers. It is the translator of the networking model.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Functions of Presentation layer of OSI Model<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It allows the translation of operating languages. For example, translation of ASCII to EBCDIC.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This layer encrypts data into a code as ciphertext and decrypts data back into plain text. It is done by using a key value.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It compresses data and reduces bits needed for network transmission.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image07.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-95773\" src=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image07.jpg\" alt=\"Presentation layer of OSI\" width=\"1200\" height=\"628\" srcset=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image07.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image07-300x157.jpg 300w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image07-1024x536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image07-150x79.jpg 150w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image07-768x402.jpg 768w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image07-720x377.jpg 720w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image07-520x272.jpg 520w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image07-320x167.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7. Application Layer<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is the layer where users interact with the data. The layer identifies communication partners that will allow data transmission for an application. Some of the applications are &#8211; Browsers, Messengers, etc. Desktop Layer is another word for this layer.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Functions of the Application layer of OSI Model<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">File management by allowing users to access, retrieve and manage the files on a remote computer.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Allows users to go ahead with email forwarding and storage.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provides distributed database sources and global information about several objects.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image08.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-95774\" src=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image08.jpg\" alt=\"Application layer of OSI\" width=\"1200\" height=\"628\" srcset=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image08.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image08-300x157.jpg 300w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image08-1024x536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image08-150x79.jpg 150w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image08-768x402.jpg 768w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image08-720x377.jpg 720w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image08-520x272.jpg 520w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image08-320x167.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The TCP\/IP\u00a0 uses the last three layers as just one Application Layer. These are the Upper Layers or Software Layers. The data link and physical layer make up the Network Access Layer in TCP\/IP. Though now TCP\/IP has become the most commonly used model of networking.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Interaction Between OSI Model Layers<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The data transfer from one device to another goes through each of the OSI layers. Each of them has a connection and needs to communicate to function. Every layer interacts with two layers, its subordinate and peer layer. For example &#8211; the data link layers will coordinate with the network layer to get the information. And then it will pass on the information to the physical layer.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image09.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-95775\" src=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image09.jpg\" alt=\"Interaction Between OSI Model Layers\" width=\"1300\" height=\"628\" srcset=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image09.jpg 1300w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image09-300x145.jpg 300w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image09-1024x495.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image09-150x72.jpg 150w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image09-768x371.jpg 768w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image09-720x348.jpg 720w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image09-520x251.jpg 520w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/OSI-Modeil-normal-image09-320x155.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1300px) 100vw, 1300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Difference Between OSI and TCP\/IP<\/span><\/h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>OSI Model<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>TCP\/IP model<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is a clear distinction between interfaces, protocols, and services.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is no clear distinction between them.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The network layer defines routing standards and protocols.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It has only an internet layer.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Physical and data links are present to define the function of the bottom layer.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It uses only the link layer.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The transport layer is connection-oriented.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is both connection-oriented and connectionless.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Datalink and physical layer are separate.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Datalink and physical layer together make up the single host-to-network layer.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5 bytes is the minimum size.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">20 bytes is the minimum size.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Advantages of the OSI Model<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enables standardization of hardware devices.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The standardization reduces complexity in interfaces.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is useful for facilitating modular engineering.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ensure interoperable technology and evolution acceleration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The protocols are replaceable with technology changes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Supports connection-oriented and connectionless services.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Disadvantages of the OSI Model<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The protocol fitting is very long and dull.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is only useful as a reference model.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It doesn&#8217;t follow a particular protocol.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many layers have similar or same services.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These layers can&#8217;t function parallelly and need to wait for information from the previous layer.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Summary of OSI Model Layers<\/span><\/h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Name<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Function<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protocols<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Application<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gives access to network resources.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SMTP, HTTP, FTP, POP3, SNMP<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Presentation<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Responsible for translating, encrypting, and compressing data.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MPEG, ASCH, SSL, TLS<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Session<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ensures establishment and termination of the session.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NetBIOS, SAP<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transport<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enables data transport from source to destination machine.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">TCP, UDP<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Network<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provides internetworking and packet movement.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IPV5, IPV6, ICMP, IPSEC, ARP, MPLS.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Data Link<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Organize bits into frames.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">RAPA, PPP, Frame Relay, ATM, Fiber Cable, etc.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Physical<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Responsible for providing mechanical and electrical specifications.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">RS232, 100BaseTX, ISDN, 11.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Conclusion<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of the most important topics of basic computer aptitude is the OSI model. It was a very prominent model for a networking system but with evolution, newer models have come up. But it still holds relevance as the newer models are born out of. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many of its elements and functions are still present in a networking system. Thus, it is advisable for exam giving students to read about the basics properly. None of the topics should be taken lightly as many aptitudes and competitive exams ask such topics in paper.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>OSI Model is a structure to define the system of networking. It allows the transfer of data from one device to another over a network. Charles Bachman at Honeywell Information Systems was the one&#46;&#46;&#46;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":95766,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24027],"tags":[24385,24383,24382,24384],"class_list":["post-95681","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-computer-basics-tutorials","tag-functions-of-osi-model","tag-layers-of-osi-model","tag-osi-model","tag-osi-model-layers"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>OSI Model - Layers, Characteristics and Functions - DataFlair<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"OSI Model is a structure to define system of networking. It allows transfer of data from one device to another over a network. 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