![\"Functions](\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/05\/Functions-of-an-Operating-System.jpg\")
<\/a><\/p>\n1. Memory Management<\/h4>\n
Managing the main and temporary memory of the computer system refers to memory management. The primary memory has large files which have their address. There is fast storage and direct CPU access. The OS keeps a track of the memory in every way.<\/p>\n
It ensures multiprogramming and decides space for every program. It takes care of the allocation and deallocation of memory processes according to a user request.<\/p>\n
2. Processor Management<\/h4>\n
The OS takes a call about time for each process in a processor. This is process scheduling that is being responsible for traffic control. It takes care of the allocation and deallocation of processors according to the process.<\/p>\n
3. Device Management<\/h4>\n
The OS communicates via its respective drivers and keeps a track of all the devices. It is the I\/O controller and ensures that they all work efficiently. It decides which process gets what device at what time. This also allocates and deallocates devices.<\/p>\n
4. File Management<\/h4>\n
Apart from navigating and using the directories, the OS collectively takes care of the file systems. Which files get the maximum resources, allocation of resources, and deallocations of the same are some of its functions.<\/p>\n
5. Security<\/h4>\n
It takes care that the system is always safe by having passwords and other measures. This prevents other people from accessing programs and data without authorization.<\/p>\n
6. Control over system performance<\/h4>\n
It controls the system by recording all sorts of delays in the program and seeing how the efficiency can improve.<\/p>\n
7. Job accounting<\/h4>\n
It maintains a record of time and resources that the users can access via different requests and jobs.<\/p>\n
8. Error detecting aids<\/h4>\n
It is responsible for producing dumps, traces, error messages, and other things for the smooth functioning of the system.<\/p>\n
9. Coordination between other software and users<\/h4>\n
It coordinates with the software and the users to create a balance between them.<\/p>\n
10. Communication management<\/h4>\n
It manages the communication between the hardware and the software resources like compilers, interpreters, etc.<\/p>\n
11. Command interpretation<\/h4>\n
It takes in all the requests by the users in form of command and further interprets them to get things done.<\/p>\n
12. Networking<\/h4>\n
The processors create a distributed system where they share memory and devices. The operating system allows these processors to communicate with each other.<\/p>\n
13. Secondary-Storage Management<\/h4>\n
There are many memory stages that are present inside the computer and the operating system takes care of all of them. This includes the primary, the secondary and the cache memory.<\/p>\n
Architecture of an Operating System<\/h3>\n
The terminal mode computer has a text-based interface where all communication is by using traditional keyboards. But now the graphical interface allows users to use gestures via touchscreen, voice commands, etc to communicate.<\/p>\n
GUI is more user-friendly as it allows data manipulation but CLI is more popular among the advanced users for sending regular commands that are highly granular. It takes care of application management as well as supporting processes, thread, and many other tasks.<\/p>\n
This is one of the functions of the OS as mentioned above. It also enables applications and hardware to connect and utilize the system.<\/p>\n
Types of Operating System<\/h3>\n1. Batch operating system<\/h4>\n
This type of operating system does not have direct contact with the computer regularly. The users have the punch cards that they submit to the operator offline. This is to increase the speed as a batch of similar needs runs as a group. <\/span><\/p>\nThe operator sorts the programs into batches with similar requirements. This type of system doesn’t work because –\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n- No communication between the user and the job<\/span><\/li>\n
- The CPU is often idle because mechanical devices are slower.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Prioritizing the tasks is tough\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
2. Time-sharing operating systems<\/h4>\n
As the name suggests, many users from different locations can use the same computer system at the same time. It is a logical extension of multiprogramming where the processor’s time is divided.<\/p>\n
It is not the same as multi programmed batch systems and the idea is to minimize response time. CPU switches multiple times allowing the user to receive an immediate response.<\/p>\n
Advantages<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- There is a quick response.<\/span><\/li>\n
- Fewer chances of software duplication\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Reduces processor idle time<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Disadvantages
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Less Reliable<\/span><\/li>\n
- Low security and integrity\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Issue of data communication<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
3. Distributed Operating System<\/h4>\n
This type of operating system allows multiple real-time applications and users to use the system together. The job to process data is divided equally among the processors. There is communication by high-speed lines making up the entire distributed system. It works because –\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n- There is a resource sharing facility<\/span><\/li>\n
- Faster exchange of data via electronic mail<\/span><\/li>\n
- Failing of one site doesn’t affect others<\/span><\/li>\n
- Better customer service\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Less load on the host computer<\/span><\/li>\n
- Fewer delays in the data processing<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
4. Network Operating System<\/h4>\n
This type of operating system has servers to manage all the information, users, and all other elements. This is mainly useful for sharing file and printer access among multiple computers of the same network. Microsoft and Linux are examples of this system only. This network works because –<\/span><\/p>\n\n- Highly stable<\/span><\/li>\n
- The server manages the security\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Regular upgrades and easy integration<\/span><\/li>\n
- Remote access to servers\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
But at the same time, it is costly and centrally dependent. It also requires regular maintenance and updates.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n5. Real-Time Operating System<\/h4>\n
This is an operating system that allows data processing in very little time. This is present in places where there are rigid time requirements for the operation.<\/p>\n
It needs to cope up with the fixed time constraints or the system will fail. This is mostly found in medical imaging systems, industrial control systems, etc. It is of two types –<\/p>\n
a. Hard real-time systems
\n<\/strong><\/p>\nThis guarantees completing tasks in the exact time. It has limited secondary storage and the data is in ROM. They mostly don’t have virtual memory.<\/p>\n
b. Soft real-time systems<\/strong><\/p>\nThere are fewer restrictions here and priority tasks get done before. There is limited utility but projects like virtual reality, undersea exploration, etc. use this system frequently.<\/p>\n
Examples of Operating System<\/h3>\n1. Android<\/h4>\n
An operating system for smartphones and tablets, it is the most popular system in the world today. This is an operating system for mobile devices and has features specifically designed for it.<\/p>\n
2. Microsoft Windows<\/h4>\n
This came out in the 1980s and has multiple versions as of now. Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista are some of the most popular versions. Windows comes inbuilt in most PCs, becoming the most popular operating system in the world.<\/p>\n
3. Mac OS<\/h4>\n
The Apple operating system comes inbuilt in all Macintosh computers. Mojave, High Sierra, and Sierra are some of the most popular versions. It has only 10% of the market share due to higher cost. The iPhone also uses this operating system for functioning.<\/p>\n
4. Linux<\/h4>\n
Linux is an open-source operating system and only manufacturers can modify this system. It is free software and has many versions to choose from. It has a very low market share but many prefer it because it is easy to customize.<\/p>\n
Other operating systems<\/h4>\n\n- AIX and AIXL<\/span><\/li>\n
- AmigaOS<\/span><\/li>\n
- BSD<\/span><\/li>\n
- CP\/M<\/span><\/li>\n
- Unix<\/span><\/li>\n
- DYNIX\/pix<\/span><\/li>\n
- Fuchsia<\/span><\/li>\n
- Goobuntu<\/span><\/li>\n
- HP-UX<\/span><\/li>\n
- IRIX<\/span><\/li>\n
- ISIS<\/span><\/li>\n
- MINIX<\/span><\/li>\n
- MS-DOS<\/span><\/li>\n
- NEXTSTEP<\/span><\/li>\n
- OS\/2<\/span><\/li>\n
- OSF\/1<\/span><\/li>\n
- OxygenOS<\/span><\/li>\n
- SCO<\/span><\/li>\n
- Sun Solaris<\/span><\/li>\n
- Symbian<\/span><\/li>\n
- System 7<\/span><\/li>\n
- System V<\/span><\/li>\n
- Tru64 Unix<\/span><\/li>\n
- Ultrix<\/span><\/li>\n
- Unisys<\/span><\/li>\n
- Unix<\/span><\/li>\n
- UnixWare<\/span><\/li>\n
- WatchOS<\/span><\/li>\n
- Xenix<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Task of an Operating System<\/h3>\n\n- Creates, modifies, and edits data using an editor.<\/span><\/li>\n
- Uses a compiler for translating the user program from high-level to machine language.<\/span><\/li>\n
- Moves compiled program code to the computer\u2019s memory for execution.<\/span><\/li>\n
- Ensure a proper routine for handling the I\/O programming.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
I\/O System Management<\/h3>\n
As one of the functions, os also takes care of I\/O traffic control. This includes memory management, driver interface, and specific hardware devices.<\/p>\n
1. Assembler<\/h4>\n
It is a language program with input being an assembly and output being an object. The programmer has a basic interpretation machine that uses hardware for fundamental instructions. It uses machine language to get machine memory in place.<\/p>\n
2. Compiler<\/h4>\n
They take care of high-level languages by accepting the source program and producing a corresponding object program. An interpreter is a program responsible for executing a source program. FORTRAN, COBOL, etc. may designate to a compiler and its associated language.<\/p>\n
3. Loader<\/h4>\n
It is responsible for loading the program and executing it. Absolute, relocating, and direct-linking are some of the loading schemes. The assembler outputs the program to the device and the loader executes it. This is a smaller program compared to the assembler.<\/p>\n
Advantage of using Operating System<\/h3>\n\n- Can hide hardware details by an abstraction.<\/span><\/li>\n
- Easy because of the graphical user interface.<\/span><\/li>\n
- Allows users to execute programs\/applications.<\/span><\/li>\n
- Makes the computer system convenient.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Makes use of resources in an easy format.<\/span><\/li>\n
- Coordinates between all hardware and software devices.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Disadvantages of using Operating System<\/h3>\n