{"id":7393,"date":"2018-02-07T10:06:08","date_gmt":"2018-02-07T04:36:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/?p=7393"},"modified":"2026-04-22T15:48:08","modified_gmt":"2026-04-22T10:18:08","slug":"python-defaultdict","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/python-defaultdict\/","title":{"rendered":"Python Defaultdict – Int and List as a Default Factory"},"content":{"rendered":"

In today\u2019s lesson, we will look at Python defaultdict, a subclass of the built-in dict class. So let’s start with defaultdict Python 3 tutorial.<\/p>\n

Here, we will discuss what is Python Defaultdict with its syntax and exmaple. Moreover, we will study Python Defaultdict using Int and List as a defaultdict in Python.<\/p>\n

Dictionaries are an important part of Python. They are containers to hold key-value pairs.<\/p>\n

>>> issubclass(defaultdict,dict)\u00a0\u00a0 #You\u2019ll need to import defaultdict from collections for this<\/pre>\n
Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
True<\/div>\n
So, let’s start Python Defualtdict Tutorial.<\/p>\n
What are Python Dictionaries?<\/h3>\n
Before we proceed to defaultdict in Python, we suggest you read up on Python Dictionaries.<\/p>\n
A Python dictionary is a container that holds key-value pairs. Keys must be unique, immutable objects. This means that a Python tuple can be a key, but a Python list can\u2019t since it is mutable.<\/p>\n
>>> {[1,2]:1,2:2}\r\nTraceback (most recent call last):\r\nFile \"<pyshell#355>\", line 1, in <module>\r\n{[1,2]:1,2:2}<\/pre>\n
Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
TypeError: unhashable type: ‘list’<\/div>\n
As you can see, a list, then, is unhashable. Let\u2019s take a quick example to see how to define a python dictionary.<\/p>\n
>>> mydict={'a':1,'b':2,'c':3}\r\n>>> mydict['b']<\/pre>\n
Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
2<\/div>\n
We can also use the dict() function.<\/p>\n
>>> otherdict=dict((['a',1],['b',2],['c',3]))\r\n>>> otherdict<\/pre>\n
Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
{‘a’: 1, ‘b’: 2, ‘c’: 3}<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
To get a list of keys, we use the keys() method.<\/p>\n
>>> otherdict.keys()<\/pre>\n
Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
dict_keys([‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’])<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
But we have one problem. If the key does not exist, and we try to access it, it raises a KeyError.<\/p>\n
>>> otherdict['d']\r\nTraceback (most recent call last):\r\nFile \"<pyshell#364>\", line 1, in <module>\r\notherdict['d']<\/pre>\n
Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
KeyError: ‘d’<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
What is Python Defaultdict?<\/h3>\n
To deal with this situation, we have defaultdict in Python. First, we must import it from the Python collections module.<\/p>\n
Characteristics of Defaultdict in Python:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \n
  • Missing behaviour:<\/strong> It automatically provides a default value if a problem occurs.<\/li>\n
  • Default value:<\/strong> It can create its own value like 0 or an empty list.<\/li>\n
  • Code simplicity:<\/strong> It can make the code shorter and easier to read, when it is needed.<\/li>\n
  • Flexibility:<\/strong> It is considered to be more flexible to do repetitive tasks than Dict.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
    >>> from collections import defaultdict<\/pre>\n
    Here, we use the Python defaultdict() factory function. It takes, as an argument, a function object that will return a value.<\/p>\n
    Actually, if we don\u2019t provide a value for a particular key, it will take that value for it.<\/p>\n
    Let\u2019s take a look at the syntax.<\/p>\n
    Python Defaultdict – Syntax<\/h3>\n
    Before Python defaultdict syntax, we revise python syntax.<\/p>\n
    As we discussed, we first import defaultdict from the \u2018collections\u2019 module. Let us see this Python defaultdict example.<\/p>\n
    >>> from collections import defaultdict<\/pre>\n
    Next, we define a Python function to return a default value for the keys we don\u2019t initialize.<\/p>\n
    >>> def defaultvalue():\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return 0<\/pre>\n
    Now, we create a Python defaultdict using the defaultdict() function. To this, we pass the function defaultvalue as a function argument.<\/p>\n
    Remember, you must pass the function object; you don\u2019t have to call it with parentheses.<\/p>\n
    >>> otherdict=defaultdict(defaultvalue)<\/pre>\n
    Let\u2019s now define values for keys \u2018a\u2019, \u2018b\u2019, and \u2018c\u2019.<\/p>\n
    >>> otherdict['a']=1\r\n>>> otherdict['b']=2\r\n>>> otherdict['c']=3<\/pre>\n
    What if we access the value for key \u2018d\u2019? We haven\u2019t initialized it yet.<\/p>\n
    >>> otherdict['d']<\/pre>\n
    As you can see, it assigned it the default value we specified through the function defaultvalue().<\/p>\n
    Let\u2019s see the whole code at once now.<\/p>\n
    >>> def defaultvalue():\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return 0\r\n>>> otherdict=defaultdict(defaultvalue)\r\n>>> otherdict['a']=1\r\n>>> otherdict['b']=2\r\n>>> otherdict['c']=3\r\n>>> otherdict['d']<\/pre>\n
    Another Example of Python Defaultdict<\/h3>\n
    Let\u2019s take another Python defaultdict example. We take a defaultdict in Python to hold the marks of students. Also, we let the default value for marks be 35.<\/p>\n
    >>> marks=defaultdict(lambda :35)\r\n>>> marks['Ayushi']=95\r\n>>> marks['Gigi']=86\r\n>>> marks['Ayushi']<\/pre>\n
    Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
    95<\/div>\n
    Here, we used a Lambda Expression since all we need to do in it is to return a value. So why waste space, right? Now, if we try to access the value of a key that doesn\u2019t exist, it saves 35 to it.<\/p>\n
    >>> marks['Oshin']<\/pre>\n
    Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
    35<\/div>\n
    Finally, these are the keys to this Python defaultdict now:<\/p>\n
    >>> marks.keys()<\/pre>\n
    Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \n
    dict_keys([‘Ayushi’, ‘Gigi’, ‘Oshin’])<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
    More on Defaultdict in Python<\/h3>\n
    Let\u2019s see what happens if we return None from the function.<\/p>\n
    >>> a=defaultdict(lambda :None)\r\n>>> a[1]\r\n>>> type(a[1])<\/pre>\n
    Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \n
    <class ‘NoneType’><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
    What if a Python exception was raised in the factory function?<\/p>\n
    >>> def defaultvalue():\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 print(1\/0)\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return 0\r\n>>> a=defaultdict(defaultvalue)\r\n>>> a[1]<\/pre>\n
    Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \n
    Traceback (most recent call last):File “<pyshell#386>”, line 1, in <module><\/p>\n
    a[1]<\/p>\n
    File “<pyshell#384>”, line 2, in defaultvalue<\/p>\n
    print(1\/0)<\/p>\n
    ZeroDivisionError: division by zero<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
    Python defaultdict supports all operations that a regular dictionary does. These include keys() and len().<\/p>\n
    >>> dir(a)<\/pre>\n
    Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \n
    [‘__class__’, ‘__contains__’, ‘__copy__’, ‘__delattr__’, ‘__delitem__’, ‘__dir__’, ‘__doc__’, ‘__eq__’, ‘__format__’, ‘__ge__’, ‘__getattribute__’, ‘__getitem__’, ‘__gt__’, ‘__hash__’, ‘__init__’, ‘__init_subclass__’, ‘__iter__’, ‘__le__’, ‘__len__’, ‘__lt__’, ‘__missing__’, ‘__ne__’, ‘__new__’, ‘__reduce__’, ‘__reduce_ex__’, ‘__repr__’, ‘__setattr__’, ‘__setitem__’, ‘__sizeof__’, ‘__str__’, ‘__subclasshook__’, ‘clear’, ‘copy’, ‘default_factory’, ‘fromkeys’, ‘get’, ‘items’, ‘keys’, ‘pop’, ‘popitem’, ‘setdefault’, ‘update’, ‘values’]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
    Let’s know about Exception handling in Python.<\/p>\n
    1. __missing__(key) in Python<\/h4>\n
    This Python method is called by the __getitem__() method of the dict class when the requested key isn\u2019t found.<\/p>\n
    >>> from collections import defaultdict\r\n>>> a=defaultdict(lambda :0)\r\n>>> a['a']=1\r\n>>> a['b']=2\r\n>>> a['c']=3\r\n>>> a.__missing__('d')<\/pre>\n
    It returned 0 here because that\u2019s what we specified as a default value through a lambda expression to the defaultdict() factory function.<\/p>\n
    >>> a.__getitem__('a')<\/pre>\n
    Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \n
    1<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
    >>> a.__getitem__('e')<\/pre>\n
    Using \u2018list\u2019 as a Default Factory<\/h3>\n
    If we pass \u2018list\u2019 (without the quotes) to the defaultdict() Python function, we can group a sequence of key-value pairs into a dictionary of lists.<\/p>\n
    We can do this for more types as well. We\u2019ll see another in the next section.<\/p>\n
    >>> a=[('a',1),('b',2),('c',3)]\r\n>>> b=defaultdict(list)\r\n>>> for i,j in a:\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b[i].append(j)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\r\n>>> b<\/pre>\n
    Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \n
    defaultdict(<class ‘list’>, {‘a’: [1], ‘b’: [2], ‘c’: [3]})<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
    Let\u2019s explain what this code does.<\/p>\n
    First, we define \u2018a\u2019 as a list of tuples to hold the key-value pairs. Next, we pass \u2018list\u2019 to defaultdict(), and store this in \u2018b\u2019. This tells the interpreter that b will hold a dictionary with values that are list.<\/p>\n
    Then, we traverse on the tuples using names \u2018I\u2019 and \u2018j\u2019 with a for-loop. In this, we append j to b[i].<\/p>\n
    What this means is that we take the second value in each tuple in \u2018a\u2019, and append it to the python defaultdict for each key (first value in each tuple).<\/p>\n
    For \u2018c\u2019 in the list \u2018a\u2019, as a key in the defaultdict \u2018b\u2019, we append the value 3 to the python defaultdict to that key. This is its value now.<\/p>\n
    Using \u2018int\u2019 as a Default Factory<\/h3>\n
    We can tell the interpreter to create a Python dictionary of integers. Here\u2019s how.<\/p>\n
    >>> name='Bubbles'\r\n>>> mydict=defaultdict(int)\r\n>>> for i in name:\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 mydict[i]+=1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\r\n>>> mydict<\/pre>\n
    Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \n
    defaultdict(<class ‘int’>, {‘B’: 1, ‘u’: 1, ‘b’: 2, ‘l’: 1, ‘e’: 1, ‘s’: 1})<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
    This way, we can use it as a counter. Of course, we could have done this with a regular dictionary as well. But here, we tell the interpreter that we\u2019re going to work with only integer values.<\/p>\n
    So, this was all about Python Defaultdict Tutorial. Hope you like our explanation.<\/p>\n
    Python Interview Questions on Defaultdict<\/h3>\n
    1. What is Defaultdict in Python?<\/p>\n
    2. What is the difference between Defaultdict and dict?<\/p>\n
    3. How does Defaultdict work in Python?<\/p>\n
    4. Explain the use of Defaultdict in Python.<\/p>\n
    5. Is Defaultdict slower than dict?<\/p>\n
    Conclusion<\/h3>\n
    defaultdict fills missing keys with a default factory, such as list or int, saving repeated if key not in dict checks.<\/p>\n
    With a subtle difference from a regular dictionary, we see that a Python defaultdict is actually quite useful. It has a simple syntax as well and lets us define a default value for uninitialized keys.<\/p>\n
    It also lets us tell the interpreter that we want to work with a particular type of value.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
    In today\u2019s lesson, we will look at Python defaultdict, a subclass of the built-in dict class. So let’s start with defaultdict Python 3 tutorial. Here, we will discuss what is Python Defaultdict with its...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":7426,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[46],"tags":[3717,4319,10485,10486,10487,14085],"class_list":["post-7393","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-python","tag-defaultdict-in-python","tag-example-of-python-defaultdict","tag-python-defaultdict","tag-python-defaultdict-example","tag-python-defaultdict-syntax","tag-syntax-of-python-defaultdict"],"yoast_head":"\nPython Defaultdict - Int and List as a Default Factory - DataFlair<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn What is Defaultdict in python with syntax and example, Using int & list as a default factory in Defaultdict in Python\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/python-defaultdict\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Python Defaultdict - 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