In this Python tutorial, we are going to discuss Python Operator Overloading, examples of operator overloading in Python, and Python magic methods with some operators: Python binary operators, Python comparison operators, Python unary operators, and Python extended assignments.<\/p>\n
In the programming world, operator overloading is also called Operator Ad-hoc Polymorphism<\/strong>.<\/p>\n Indeed, it is a case of polymorphism where different operators have different implementations based on their arguments.<\/p>\n This is either defined by the programmer, by the programming language, or both.<\/p>\n So, let’s start the Magic Methods i Tutorial.<\/p>\n Advantages of operator overloading in Python:<\/strong><\/p>\n In Python, an operator lets us perform an operation\/procedure on one or more operands(values).<\/p>\n Operator overloading must stay clear. Readers should guess what v1 + v2 means without surprise. When used wisely, it makes custom types act like numbers, strings, or lists, reducing friction while coding.<\/p>\n Let\u2019s take an example.<\/p>\n Output<\/strong><\/p>\n Here, we performed the addition of two numbers using the addition operator.<\/p>\n You know that we can apply this operator to Python string<\/strong> too. In that case, we call it the concatenation operator.<\/p>\n Output<\/strong><\/p>\n Output<\/strong><\/p>\n And then when we do this to a Python list<\/strong>, we concatenate two lists.<\/p>\n Output<\/strong><\/p>\n Python does this implicitly, but what for when you want to apply this operator to your own class? Can we? Let\u2019s give it a try.<\/p>\n In this Python operator overloading tutorial, we take a class \u2018myfloat\u2019 to represent floating-point numbers.<\/p>\n Output<\/strong><\/p>\n Output<\/strong><\/p>\n Now, let\u2019s try adding two objects.<\/p>\n Output<\/strong><\/p>\n Traceback (most recent call last):<\/p>\n File “<pyshell#24>”, line 1, in <module> obj1+obj2TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: ‘myfloat’ and ‘myfloat’<\/p>\n<\/div>\n As you can see, this raised a TypeError. But don\u2019t fret; we can do this. We\u2019ll discuss in a later section.<\/p>\n We observe that Python methods have double underscores before and after their names. These are special methods and are also called \u2018dunders\u2019.<\/p>\n Magic methods in Python help us implement functionality that a normal method can\u2019t represent.<\/p>\n By now, we have come across only one magic method- __init__(). But we can, in fact, define our own magic methods to implement operator overloading in Python.<\/p>\n With this, we can define these operators to work on our custom classes. Some of these are-<\/p>\n __add__ for +<\/p>\n __sub__ for \u2013<\/p>\n __mul__ for *<\/p>\n __truediv__ for \/<\/p>\n __floordiv__ for \/\/<\/p>\n __mod__ for %<\/p>\n __pow__ for **<\/p>\n __and__ for &<\/p>\n __xor__ for ^<\/p>\n __or__ for |<\/p>\n __lshift__ for <<<\/p>\n __rshift__ for >><\/p>\n __iadd__ for +=<\/p>\n __isub__ for -=<\/p>\n __imul__ for *=<\/p>\n __idiv__ for \/=<\/p>\n __ifloordiv__ for \/\/=<\/p>\n __imod__ for %=<\/p>\n __ipow__ for **=<\/p>\n __ilshift__ for <<=<\/p>\n __irshift__ for >>=<\/p>\n __iand__ for &=<\/p>\n __ixor__ for ^=<\/p>\n __ior__ for |=<\/p>\n __neg__ for \u2013<\/p>\n __pos__ for +<\/p>\n __abs__ for abs()<\/p>\n __invert__ for ~<\/p>\n __complex__ for complex()<\/p>\n __int__ for int()<\/p>\n __long__ for long()<\/p>\n __float__ for float()<\/p>\n __oct__ for oct()<\/p>\n __hex__ for hex()<\/p>\n __lt__ for <<\/p>\n __le__ for <=<\/p>\n __eq__ for ==<\/p>\n __ne__ for !=<\/p>\n __ge__ for >=<\/p>\n __gt__ for ><\/p>\n Others include __radd__ for reverse add.<\/p>\n Output<\/strong><\/p>\n Output<\/strong><\/p>\n If the interpreter cannot add left to right, it will call\u00a0 __radd__() instead. Here, radd is in reverse\/reflected add.<\/p>\n To be able to add our Python objects<\/strong> obj1 and obj2 for class \u2018myfloat\u2019, we can do the following.<\/p>\n Here, we added another method __add__, which takes two parameters (\u2018self\u2019 and \u2018other\u2019) for the two objects.<\/p>\n Then, it checks if the sum of the fraction parts of both objects is greater than 9. In that case, it transfers a 10 to the \u2018whole\u2019 part as a 1.<\/p>\n This is for the carry. It then returns an object with the sums of the whole and fraction parts of both objects.<\/p>\n However, if the condition isn\u2019t met, it simply returns an object with the sums.<\/p>\n Let\u2019s create objects obj1 and obj2 again, and try adding them.<\/p>\n Output<\/strong><\/p>\n Output<\/strong><\/p>\n Output<\/strong><\/p>\n As you can see, it works absolutely fine now and lets us add two objects of class \u2018myfloat\u2019.<\/p>\n Output<\/strong><\/p>\n This is the resulting object of adding obj1 and obj2.<\/p>\n Here, the interpreter translates obj1+obj2 to obj1.__add__(obj2).<\/p>\n To really understand something, once is never enough. So, let\u2019s take another example of Operator overloading in Python.<\/p>\n Output<\/strong><\/p>\n In this, we take a class \u2018itspower\u2019 and two methods __init__ and __pow__.<\/p>\n __pow__ takes two objects and returns the \u2018x\u2019 of first raised to the power of the \u2018x\u2019 of the second.<\/p>\n When we type a**b, the interpreter converts it implicitly to a.__pow__(b).<\/p>\n Now, let\u2019s take another example to demonstrate few more such magic methods.<\/p>\n Output<\/strong><\/p>\n Output<\/strong><\/p>\n Output<\/strong><\/p>\n To leave this lesson on an engaging note, we would just like to leave this code here:<\/p>\n Output<\/strong><\/p>\n Output<\/strong><\/p>\n Output<\/strong><\/p>\n So, this was all about Python Operator overloading and Python Magic Method Tutorial. Hope you like it.<\/p>\n 1. How do you overload an operator in Python?<\/p>\n 2. What are the magical methods in Python?<\/p>\n 3. Which operator is overloaded by invert in Python?<\/p>\n 4. How do you call a magic method in Python?<\/p>\n 5. Which operators cannot be overloaded?<\/p>\n Hence, we studied Python Operator overloading, in-effect, is pure syntactic sugar. Through it, we override a magic method to be able to use an operator on a custom class.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" In this Python tutorial, we are going to discuss Python Operator Overloading, examples of operator overloading in Python, and Python magic methods with some operators: Python binary operators, Python comparison operators, Python unary operators,...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":36203,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[46],"tags":[1991,2778,8480,9285,10389,10434,10744,10906],"class_list":["post-7254","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-python","tag-binary-operators-in-python","tag-comparison-operators-in-python","tag-magic-methods-in-python","tag-operator-overloading-in-python","tag-python-binary-operators","tag-python-comparison-operators","tag-python-operators","tag-python-unary-operators"],"yoast_head":"\nWhat is Python Operators Overloading?<\/h3>\n
\n
>>> 42+1<\/pre>\n
>>> '42'+'1'<\/pre>\n
>>> 'hello'+' '+'world'<\/pre>\n
>>> [1,2,3]+[4,5,6]<\/pre>\n
>>> class myfloat: \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 def __init__(self,whole,fraction): \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 self.whole=whole \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 self.fraction=fraction \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0def shownumber(self): \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0print(f\"I am {self.whole}.{self.fraction}\")\r\n>>> obj1=myfloat(3,7)\r\n>>> obj1.shownumber()<\/pre>\n>>> obj2=myfloat(3,3)\r\n>>> obj2.shownumber()<\/pre>\n
>>> obj1+obj2<\/pre>\n
Python Magic Methods<\/h3>\n
1. Python Binary Operators<\/h4>\n
2. Python Extended Assignments<\/h4>\n
3. Python Unary Operators<\/h4>\n
4. Python Comparison Operators<\/h4>\n
>>> class myclass:\r\n def __init__(self,age):\r\n self.age=age\r\n def __add__(self,other):\r\n return self.age+other\r\n def __radd__(self,other):\r\n return self.age+other\r\n>>> a=myclass(1)\r\n>>> a+2<\/pre>\n
>>> 2+a<\/pre>\n
Python Operator Overloading Example<\/h3>\n
>>> class myfloat: \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\r\n def __init__(self,whole,fraction): \u00a0\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 self.whole=whole \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\r\n self.fraction=fraction \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 def shownumber(self): \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 print(f\"I am {self.whole}.{self.fraction}\") \u00a0\u00a0\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0def __add__(self,other): \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0if (self.fraction+other.fraction)>9: \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\r\n return myfloat(self.whole+other.whole+1,self.fraction+other.fraction-10) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0return myfloat(self.whole+other.whole,self.fraction+other.fraction)<\/pre>\n>>> obj1=myfloat(3,7)\r\n>>> obj1.shownumber()<\/pre>\n
>>> obj2=myfloat(3,3)\r\n>>> obj2.shownumber()<\/pre>\n
>>> result=obj1+obj2\r\n>>> print(f\"I am {result.whole}.{result.fraction}\")<\/pre>\n>>> result<\/pre>\n
More Examples of Python Operator Overloading<\/h3>\n
>>> class itspower: \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\r\n def __init__(self,x): \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 self.x=x \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\r\n def __pow__(self,other): \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\r\n \u00a0 return self.x**other.x\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\r\n>>> a=itspower(2)\r\n>>> b=itspower(10)\r\n>>> a**b<\/pre>\n
>>> class Person:\r\n def __init__(self,name,age):\r\n self.name=name\r\n self.age=age\r\n def __gt__(self,other):\r\n if self.age>other.age:\r\n return True\r\n return False\r\n def __abs__(self):\r\n return abs(self.age)\r\n def __iadd__(self,other):\r\n return self.age+other.age\r\n>>> Nick=Person('Nick',7)\r\n>>> Angela=Person('Angela',5)\r\n>>> Nick>Angela<\/pre>\n>>> Kim=Person('Kim',-8)\r\n>>> abs(Kim)<\/pre>\n>>> Tom=Person('Tom',7)\r\n>>> Mikayla=Person('Mikayla',3)\r\n>>> Tom+=Mikayla\r\n>>> Tom<\/pre>\n>>> '1'.__add__('1')<\/pre>\n>>> 1.__add__(1)<\/pre>\n
>>> [1,2,3].__add__([4,5,6])<\/pre>\n
Interview Questions on Python Operator Overloading and Python Magic Methods<\/h3>\n
Conclusion<\/h3>\n