{"id":6924,"date":"2018-02-01T07:18:34","date_gmt":"2018-02-01T07:18:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/?p=6924"},"modified":"2026-04-13T11:59:23","modified_gmt":"2026-04-13T06:29:23","slug":"python-variable-scope","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/python-variable-scope\/","title":{"rendered":"Python Variable Scope – Local, Global, Built-in, Enclosed"},"content":{"rendered":"

Today, we will discuss Python Variable Scope. Here, we will learn different types of variable scope in Python, the Python Global Keyword, and Python Non-local keywords.<\/p>\n

So, let’s start our learning.<\/p>\n

What is Python Variable Scope?<\/h3>\n

Scope means where a variable can be seen in your code. A variable created inside a function lives only inside that function; this is called local scope. Once the function finishes, the local variable disappears.<\/p>\n

Variables written outside all functions sit in the global scope. Any function can read them, but changing them inside a function needs the global keyword. Using too many globals can confuse larger programs.<\/p>\n

Let\u2019s take an example, but before, let’s revise Python syntax<\/b>.<\/p>\n

>>> b=8\r\n>>> def func():\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a=7\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 print(a)\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 print(b)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\r\n>>> func()<\/pre>\n
Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
7
\n8<\/div>\n
>>> a<\/pre>\n
Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
Traceback (most recent call last):
\nFile “<pyshell#6>”, line 1, in <module>
\na
\nNameError: name ‘a’ is not defined<\/div>\n
Also, the duration for which a variable is alive is called its \u2018lifetime\u2019.<\/p>\n
Types of Python Variable Scope<\/h3>\n
There are 4 types of Variable Scope in Python<\/strong>, let’s discuss them one by one:<\/p>\n
\"types<\/a> Python Variable Scope – Types<\/p>\n
1. Local Scope in Python<\/h4>\n
In the above code, we define a variable \u2018a\u2019 in a function \u2018func\u2019. So, \u2018a\u2019 is local to \u2018func\u2019. Hence, we can read\/write it in func, but not outside it.<\/p>\n
When we try to do so, it raises a NameError. Look at this code.<\/p>\n
>>> a=0\r\n>>> def func():\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 print(a)\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a=1\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 print(a)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\r\n>>> func()<\/pre>\n
Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
Traceback (most recent call last):
\nFile “<pyshell#79>”, line 1, in <module>
\nfunc()
\nFile “<pyshell#78>”, line 2, in func
\nprint(a)
\nUnboundLocalError: local variable ‘a’ referenced before assignment<\/div>\n
Here, we could\u2019ve accessed the global Scope \u2018a\u2019 inside \u2018func\u2019, but since we also define a local \u2018a\u2019 in it, it no longer accesses the global \u2018a\u2019.<\/p>\n
Then, the first print statement inside \u2018func\u2019 throws an error in Python<\/strong>, because we\u2019re trying to access the local scope \u2018a\u2019 before assigning it.<\/p>\n
However, it is a bad practice to try to manipulate global values from inside local scopes. Try to pass it as a parameter to the function.<\/p>\n
>>> def func(a=0):\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a+=1\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 print(a)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\r\n>>> func()<\/pre>\n
Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
1<\/div>\n
2. Global Scope in Python<\/h4>\n
We also declare a variable \u2018b\u2019 outside any other Python variable scope, which makes it a global scope.<\/p>\n
Consequently, we can read it anywhere in the program. Later in this article, we will see how to write it inside func.<\/p>\n
3. Enclosing Scope in Python<\/h4>\n
Let\u2019s take another example.<\/p>\n
>>> def red():\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a=1\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 def blue():\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b=2\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 print(a)\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 print(b)\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 blue()\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 print(a)\r\n>>> red()<\/pre>\n
Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
1
\n2
\n1<\/div>\n
In this code, \u2018b\u2019 has local scope in the Python function<\/strong> \u2018blue\u2019, and \u2018a\u2019 has nonlocal scope in \u2018blue\u2019.<\/p>\n
Of course, a Python variable scope that isn\u2019t global or local is nonlocal. This is also called the enclosing scope.<\/p>\n
4. Built-in Scope in Python<\/h4>\n
Finally, we talk about the widest scope. The built-in scope has all the names that are loaded into the scope of Python variables\u00a0when we start the interpreter.<\/p>\n
Characteristics of the built-in scope in Python:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \n
  • Available Everywhere:<\/strong> Python Functions like print(), len(), and range () can be used anywhere without importing modules.<\/li>\n
  • Always Active:<\/strong> Built-in names always stay available as long as the program is running.<\/li>\n
  • Checked Last:<\/strong> Python searches this scope only after checking local, enclosing, and global scopes.<\/li>\n
  • Global Access:<\/strong> No need to import or define these functions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
    Global Keyword in Python<\/h3>\n
    So far, we haven\u2019t had any kind of problem with global scope. So let\u2019s take an example.<\/p>\n
    >>> a=1\r\n>>> def counter():\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a=2\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 print(a)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\r\n>>> counter()<\/pre>\n
    Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
    2<\/div>\n
    Now, when we make a reference to \u2018a\u2019 outside this function, we get 1 instead of 2.<\/p>\n
    >>> a<\/pre>\n
    Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
    1<\/div>\n
    Why does this happen? Well, this is because when we set \u2018a\u2019 to 2, it created a local variable \u2018a\u2019 in the local scope of \u2018counter\u2019.<\/p>\n
    This didn\u2019t change anything for the global \u2018a\u2019. Now, what if you wanted to change the global version of \u2018a\u2019? We use the \u2018global\u2019 keyword in Python for this.<\/p>\n
    >>> a=1\r\n>>> def counter():\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 global a\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a=2\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 print(a)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\r\n>>> counter()<\/pre>\n
    Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
    2<\/div>\n
    >>> a<\/pre>\n
    Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
    2<\/div>\n
    What we do here is, we declare that the \u2018a\u2019 we\u2019re going to use in this function is from the global scope.<\/p>\n
    After this, whenever we refer to \u2018a\u2019 inside \u2018counter\u2019, the interpreter knows we\u2019re talking about the global \u2018a\u2019.<\/p>\n
    In this example, it changed the value of the global \u2018a\u2019 to 2.<\/p>\n
    Nonlocal Keyword in Python<\/h3>\n
    Like the \u2018global\u2019 keyword, you want to make a change to a nonlocal variable, you must use the \u2018nonlocal\u2019 keyword. Let\u2019s first try this without the keyword.<\/p>\n
    >>> def red():\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a=1\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 def blue():\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a=2\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b=2\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 print(a)\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 print(b)\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 blue()\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 print(a)\u00a0 \u00a0  \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\r\n>>> red()<\/pre>\n
    Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
    2
    \n2
    \n1<\/div>\n
    As you can see, this did not change the value of \u2018a\u2019 outside the function \u2018blue\u2019. To be able to do that, we use \u2018nonlocal\u2019.<\/p>\n
    >>> def red():\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a=1\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 def blue():\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 nonlocal a\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a=2\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b=2\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 print(a)\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 print(b)\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 blue()\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 print(a)\u00a0 \u00a0  \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\r\n>>> red()<\/pre>\n
    Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
    2
    \n2
    \n2<\/div>\n
    See? This works perfectly fine.<\/p>\n
    Python Interview Question on Python Variable Scope<\/h3>\n
    1. What do you mean by scope?<\/p>\n
    2. What are the types of variable scope in Python?<\/p>\n
    3. What is the scope of a variable in Python with an example?<\/p>\n
    4. What are Python variables?<\/p>\n
    5. How do you declare a variable in Python 3?<\/p>\n
    Conclusion<\/h3>\n
    We hope that the variable scope of Python is clearer to you. Here, we saw four types of variable scope in Python: local scope, enclosed scope, global scope, and built-in scope.<\/p>\n
    We also saw two keywords in Python – \u2018global\u2019 and \u2018nonlocal\u2019. Hope you had fun, see you again.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
    Today, we will discuss Python Variable Scope. Here, we will learn different types of variable scope in Python, the Python Global Keyword, and Python Non-local keywords. So, let’s start our learning. What is Python...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":6955,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[46],"tags":[2225,4146,5105,5109,8362,9113,10674,15100,15339],"class_list":["post-6924","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-python","tag-built-in-scope","tag-enclosed-scope","tag-global-keyword-in-python","tag-global-vs-local-variable-in-python","tag-local-scope-defination","tag-non-local-keyword","tag-python-main-variable-scope","tag-types-of-python-variable-scope","tag-variable-scope-in-python"],"yoast_head":"\nPython Variable Scope - Local, Global, Built-in, Enclosed - DataFlair<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn Python Variable Scope-types of Variable scope: local scope, global scope, enclosed scope, built-in scope; Global keyword in python etc\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/python-variable-scope\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Python Variable Scope - Local, Global, Built-in, Enclosed - DataFlair\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Learn Python Variable Scope-types of Variable scope: local scope, global scope, enclosed scope, built-in scope; 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