{"id":55200,"date":"2019-04-27T11:26:28","date_gmt":"2019-04-27T05:56:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/?p=55200"},"modified":"2021-10-06T21:23:47","modified_gmt":"2021-10-06T15:53:47","slug":"variables-in-c-and-c-plus-plus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/variables-in-c-and-c-plus-plus\/","title":{"rendered":"Variables in C and C++ | A Complete Guide for Beginners"},"content":{"rendered":"

When we hear about variables, we tend to think about mathematical formulas and questions in which variables are unknown values or quantities limited to some numbers. But, in the C\/C++ programming language, variables connote a different meaning. In mathematical terms, we use representations of variables such as x or y that indicates an unknown value that we are supposed to find. Here, variables in the C and C++ programming language are the basic units, which help us to build C Programs<\/em>. So, without wasting time, start exploring C\/C++ variables.<\/p>\n

What are Variables in C and C++?<\/h3>\n

A C\/C++ program performs many tasks and operations that help you to resolve many problems by storing values into computer memory. But, how does the compiler understand the names given to these values? A variable helps to specify the existence of these values by defining and declaring them.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In simple words, a variable is a storage space associated with a unique name to identify them<\/em>. When you want to store some data on your system in the computer memory, is it possible for you to be able to remember these memory addresses? The answer is no, and that is the reason why we use variables.<\/p>\n

Variables in C\/C++ programming help us to store values depending upon the size of the variable<\/em>. With the help of variables, we can decide what amount and type of data store in a variable. When you assign a data type and name to some space in the memory, variables are defined.<\/p>\n

Variables reserve some memory in the storage space, that you can access later in the program. By declaring a variable, you inform the operating system to reserve memory indicated by some name. i.e. variable_name.<\/p>\n

Naming a Variable in C\/C++<\/h3>\n

You need to follow some rules, before naming a variable in C and C++:<\/p>\n

1. A variable must not start with a digit.<\/p>\n

2. A variable can begin with an alphabet or an underscore.<\/p>\n

3. Variables in C and C++ are case-sensitive which means that uppercase and lowercase characters are treated differently.<\/p>\n

4. A variable must not contain any special character or symbol.<\/p>\n

5. White spaces are not allowed while naming a variable.<\/p>\n

6. Variables should not be of the same name in the same scope.<\/p>\n

7. A variable name cannot be a keyword.<\/p>\n

8. The name of the variable should be unique.<\/p>\n

Let\u2019s see some examples of both valid and invalid variable names.<\/p>\n

Valid variable names<\/strong><\/p>\n

ticketdata
\n_ticketdata
\nticket_data<\/p>\n

Invalid variable names<\/strong><\/p>\n

56ticketdata
\nticket@data
\nticket data<\/p>\n

Variable Definition<\/h3>\n

A variable definition in C and C++ defines the variable name and assigns the data type associated with it in some space in computer memory. After giving its definition, this variable can be used in the program depending upon the scope of that variable.<\/p>\n

By defining a variable, you indicate the name and data type of the variable to the compiler. The compiler allocates some memory to the variable according to its size specification.<\/p>\n

Rules for Defining Variables in C and C++<\/h4>\n

1. Must contain data_type of that variable.
\nExample<\/strong>: int start;
\nfloat width;
\nchar choice;<\/p>\n

2. The variable name should follow all the rules of the naming convention.<\/p>\n

3. After defining the variable, terminate the statement with a semicolon otherwise it will generate a termination error. Example<\/strong>: int sum;<\/p>\n

4. The variable with the same data type can work with a single line definition. Example<\/strong>: float height, width, length;<\/p>\n

Defining Variables in C and C++ with Example<\/h4>\n
int var;<\/pre>\n
Here, a variable of integer type with the variable name var is defined. This variable definition allocates memory in the system for var.<\/p>\n
Another example,<\/p>\n
char choice ;<\/pre>\n
When we define this variable named choice, it allocates memory in the storage space according to the type of data type in C,<\/em> i.e., character type.<\/p>\n
Variable Declaration<\/h3>\n
There is a huge difference between defining a variable and declaring a variable.<\/p>\n
By declaring a variable in C and C++, we simply tell the compiler that this variable exists somewhere in the program. But, the declaration does not allocate any memory for that variable.<\/p>\n
Declaration of variable informs the compiler that some variable of a specific type and name exists. The definition of variable allocates memory for that variable in the program.<\/p>\n
So, it is safe to say that the variable definition is a combination of declaration and memory allocation. A variable declaration can occur many times but variable definition occurs only once in a program, or else it would lead to wastage of memory.<\/p>\n
Variable Initialization<\/h3>\n
Variable initialization means assigning some value to that variable<\/em>. The initialization of a variable and declaration can occur in the same line.<\/p>\n
int demo = 23;<\/pre>\n
By this, you initialize the variable demo for later use in the program.<\/p>\n
Types of Variables in C and C++<\/h3>\n
There are 5 types of Variables in C\/C++; let’s discuss each variable with example.<\/p>\n
\"Types<\/a><\/p>\n
1. Local Variables<\/h4>\n
The scope of local variables lies only within the function or the block of code. These variables stay in the memory till the end of the program.<\/p>\n
Example of Local Variable in C<\/h5>\n
#include <stdio.h>\r\nint main()\r\n{\r\n\r\nprintf(\"Welcome to DataFlair tutorials!\\n\\n\");\r\n\r\nint result = 5; \/\/local variable\r\nprintf(\"The result is %d \\n\", result);\r\nreturn 0;\r\n}<\/pre>\n
 <\/p>\n
Output-<\/strong><\/p>\n
\"Output<\/a><\/p>\n
Example of Local Variable in C++<\/h5>\n
#include <iostream>\r\nusing namespace std;\r\n \r\nint main()\r\n{\r\ncout<<\"Welcome to DataFlair tutorials!\"<<endl<<endl;\r\n \r\nint result = 5; \/\/local variable\r\ncout<<\"The result is: \"<< result<<endl;\r\nreturn 0;\r\n}<\/pre>\n
 <\/p>\n
Output-<\/strong><\/p>\n
\"Output<\/a><\/p>\n
2. Global Variables<\/h4>\n
A global variable has a global scope, that is, this variable is valid until the end of the program<\/em>. These variables are available to all the functions in that program.<\/p>\n
Let us now see an example to understand the difference between local and global variables in C and C++.<\/p>\n
Example of Global Variables in C<\/h5>\n
#include <stdio.h>\r\nint sumf();\r\nint sum = 2; \/\/global variable\r\nint main ()\r\n{\r\n\r\nprintf(\"Welcome to DataFlair tutorials!\\n\\n\");\r\n\r\nint result =5; \/\/local variable\r\nsumf();\r\nreturn 0;\r\n}\r\nint sumf()\r\n{\r\nprintf(\"\\n Sum is %d \\n\", sum);\r\nprintf(\"\\n The result is %d \\n\", result);\r\n}<\/pre>\n
 <\/p>\n
When we compile this program,<\/strong><\/p>\n
As the variable result is not defined globally, that is why the code is not compiled, and an error occurs when we use this variable out of that function.<\/p>\n
Let us correct it, by making the result as the global variable in C\/C++.<\/p>\n
#include <stdio.h>\r\nint sumf();\r\nint sum = 2; \/\/global variable\r\nint result =5; \/\/global variable\r\nint main ()\r\n{\r\n\r\nprintf(\"Welcome to DataFlair tutorials!\\n\\n\");\r\n\r\nsumf();\r\nreturn 0;\r\n}\r\nint sumf()\r\n{\r\nprintf(\"\\n Sum is %d \\n\", sum);\r\nprintf(\"\\n The result is %d \\n\", result);\r\n}<\/pre>\n
 <\/p>\n
Output-<\/strong><\/p>\n
\"Output<\/a><\/p>\n
Example of Global Variables in C++<\/h5>\n
Let us take the same example in C++ to understand the difference between a local and a global variable:<\/p>\n
#include <iostream>\r\nusing namespace std;\r\n \r\nint sumf();\r\nint sum = 2; \/\/ global variable\r\nint main ()\r\n{\r\n \r\ncout<<\"Welcome to DataFlair tutorials!\"<<endl<<endl;;\r\nint result =5; \/\/local variable\r\nsumf();\r\nreturn 0;\r\n}\r\nint sumf()\r\n{\r\ncout<<\"Sum is: \"<< sum <<endl;\r\ncout<<\"The result is: \"<< result <<endl;\r\n}<\/pre>\n
Error-<\/strong><\/p>\n
\"Error<\/a><\/p>\n
In this way, we can implement a global variable in C++<\/strong><\/p>\n
#include <iostream>\r\nusing namespace std;\r\n \r\nint sumf();\r\nint sum = 2; \/\/global variable\r\nint result =5; \/\/global variable\r\nint main ()\r\n{\r\ncout<<\"Welcome to DataFlair tutorials!\"<<endl<<endl;\r\nsumf();\r\nreturn 0;\r\n}\r\nint sumf()\r\n{\r\ncout<<\"Sum is: \"<< sum <<endl;\r\ncout<<\"The result is: \"<< result <<endl;\r\n}<\/pre>\n
 <\/p>\n
Output-<\/strong><\/p>\n
\"Output<\/a><\/p>\n
3. Static Variables<\/h4>\n
Static variable retains its value within the function calls. \u2018static\u2019 keyword is used to define a static variable. A static variable can preserve its value, and you can not initialize a static variable again.<\/p>\n
Example of Static Variables in C<\/h5>\n
Let us now see how a local variable and static variable are different.<\/p>\n
#include <stdio.h>\r\nvoid statf();\r\nint main ()\r\n{\r\n\r\nprintf(\"Welcome to DataFlair tutorials!\\n\\n\");\r\n\r\nint i;\r\nfor(i = 0; i < 5; i++)\r\n{\r\nstatf();\r\n}\r\n}\r\nvoid statf()\r\n{ \r\nint a = 20; \/\/local variable \r\nstatic int b = 20; \/\/static variable \r\na = a + 1; \r\nb = b + 1; \r\nprintf(\"\\n Value of a %d\\t,Value of b %d\\n\",a ,b); \r\n}<\/pre>\n
 <\/p>\n
Output-<\/strong><\/p>\n
\"Output<\/a><\/p>\n
Example of Static Variables in C++<\/h5>\n
Let us now see how a local variable and static variable are different in C++:<\/p>\n
#include <iostream>\r\nusing namespace std;\r\nvoid statf();\r\nint main ()\r\n{\r\ncout<<\"Welcome to DataFlair tutorials!\"<<endl<<endl;\r\nint i;\r\nfor(i = 0; i < 5; i++)\r\n{\r\nstatf();\r\n}\r\n}\r\nvoid statf()\r\n{ \r\nint a = 20; \/\/local variable \r\nstatic int b = 20; \/\/static variable \r\na = a + 1; \r\nb = b + 1; \r\ncout<<\"Value of a: \" << a << \" ,Value of b: \"<< b <<endl; \r\n}<\/pre>\n
 <\/p>\n
Output-<\/strong><\/p>\n
\"Output<\/a><\/p>\n
With every function call, static variable uses the preserved value and increment the value of a variable, whereas a local variable re-initializes the value every time function calls takes place.<\/p>\n
4. Automatic Variables<\/h4>\n
The variable declared inside a block is called an automatic variable.<\/p>\n
The automatic variables in C are different from the local variables, automatic variable allocates memory upon the entry to that block and frees the occupied space when the control exits from the block.<\/p>\n
‘auto’ keyword defines an automatic variable.<\/p>\n
Example<\/strong><\/p>\n
auto int var = 39;<\/pre>\n
5. External Variables<\/h4>\n
We use \u2018extern\u2019 keyword to increase the visibility of the program. An extern variable is available to other files too.<\/p>\n
The difference between global and extern variable is, a global variable is available anywhere within the file or program in which global variable declares but an extern variable is available for other files too.<\/p>\n
Note<\/strong>: Variables with keyword \u2018extern\u2019 are only declared; they are not defined. Also, initialization of extern keywords can also be considered as its definition.<\/p>\n
extern int var;<\/pre>\n
It means that extern variable var is available or valid in the program and in the other files too.<\/p>\n
Note<\/strong>: Declaration of var takes place and not the definition.<\/p>\n
Quiz on Variable Scope, Modifiers and Constants in C++<\/h3>\n
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0<\/span> of 15 Questions completed<\/p>\t
Questions:<\/p>\n\t
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Information<\/h4>\n\t\t <\/div>\n
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You must sign in or sign up to start the quiz.<\/p><\/div>\n
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\n\tTime has elapsed\t<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t
\n\t\tYou have reached 0<\/span> of 0<\/span> point(s), (0<\/span>)\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t
\n\t\tEarned Point(s): 0<\/span> of 0<\/span>, (0<\/span>)\t\t
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            class scope{<\/p>\n
            \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 int x;<\/p>\n
            };<\/p>\n
            int main()<\/p>\n
            {<\/p>\n
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            \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 s.x=10;<\/p>\n
            \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 cout<<s.x;<\/p>\n
            \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return 0;<\/p>\n
            }<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t
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              };<\/p>\n
              int main()<\/p>\n
              {<\/p>\n
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              \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 t.x=5;<\/p>\n
              \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 cout<<t.x;<\/p>\n
              \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return 0;<\/p>\n
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                \n\t\t\t\tQuestion 3<\/span> of 15<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t3<\/span>. Question\n\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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                \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 public:<\/p>\n
                \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 int x;<\/p>\n
                \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 test()<\/p>\n
                \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 {<\/p>\n
                \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 y=3;<\/p>\n
                \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 cout<<y;<\/p>\n
                \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 }<\/p>\n
                };<\/p>\n
                int main()<\/p>\n
                {<\/p>\n
                \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 test t;<\/p>\n
                \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 t.x=5;<\/p>\n
                \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 cout<<t.x;<\/p>\n
                \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return 0;<\/p>\n
                }<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t
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                • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                • \n\t\t\t\t
                  \n\t\t\t\tQuestion 4<\/span> of 15<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
                  \n\t\t\t\t\t4<\/span>. Question\n\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                  \n\t\t\t\t\t
                  \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
                  #include <iostream><\/p>\n
                  \u00a0<\/p>\n
                  using namespace std;<\/p>\n
                  class Scope{<\/p>\n
                  \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 protected:<\/p>\n
                  \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 int z;<\/p>\n
                  \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Scope()<\/p>\n
                  \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 {<\/p>\n
                  \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 z=3;<\/p>\n
                  \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 cout<<z;<\/p>\n
                  \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 }<\/p>\n
                  };<\/p>\n
                  int main()<\/p>\n
                  {<\/p>\n
                  \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Scope s;<\/p>\n
                  \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return 0;<\/p>\n
                  }<\/p>\n
                  \u00a0<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t
                  <\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                  • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                  • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                  • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                  • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                  • \n\t\t\t\t
                    \n\t\t\t\tQuestion 5<\/span> of 15<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
                    \n\t\t\t\t\t5<\/span>. Question\n\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                    \n\t\t\t\t\t
                    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
                    #include <iostream><\/p>\n
                    \u00a0<\/p>\n
                    using namespace std;<\/p>\n
                    class Scope{<\/p>\n
                    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 protected:<\/p>\n
                    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 int z;<\/p>\n
                    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 public:<\/p>\n
                    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Scope()<\/p>\n
                    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 {<\/p>\n
                    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 z=3;<\/p>\n
                    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 cout<<z;<\/p>\n
                    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 }<\/p>\n
                    };<\/p>\n
                    int main()<\/p>\n
                    {<\/p>\n
                    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Scope s;<\/p>\n
                    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return 0;<\/p>\n
                    }<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t
                    <\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                    • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                    • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                    • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                    • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                    • \n\t\t\t\t
                      \n\t\t\t\tQuestion 6<\/span> of 15<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
                      \n\t\t\t\t\t6<\/span>. Question\n\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                      \n\t\t\t\t\t
                      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
                      #include <iostream><\/p>\n
                      \u00a0<\/p>\n
                      using namespace std;<\/p>\n
                      class Scope{<\/p>\n
                      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 protected:<\/p>\n
                      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 int z;<\/p>\n
                      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 int print()<\/p>\n
                      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 {<\/p>\n
                      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 cout<<z;<\/p>\n
                      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 }<\/p>\n
                      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 public:<\/p>\n
                      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Scope()<\/p>\n
                      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 {<\/p>\n
                      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 z=3;<\/p>\n
                      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 }<\/p>\n
                      };<\/p>\n
                      int main()<\/p>\n
                      {<\/p>\n
                      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Scope s;<\/p>\n
                      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 s.print();<\/p>\n
                      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return 0;<\/p>\n
                      }<\/p>\n
                      \u00a0<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t
                      <\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                      • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                      • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                      • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                      • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                      • \n\t\t\t\t
                        \n\t\t\t\tQuestion 7<\/span> of 15<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
                        \n\t\t\t\t\t7<\/span>. Question\n\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                        \n\t\t\t\t\t
                        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
                        #include <iostream><\/p>\n
                        \u00a0<\/p>\n
                        using namespace std;<\/p>\n
                        class Scope{<\/p>\n
                        \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 protected:<\/p>\n
                        \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 int z;<\/p>\n
                        \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 int print()<\/p>\n
                        \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 {<\/p>\n
                        \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 cout<<z;<\/p>\n
                        \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 }<\/p>\n
                        \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 public:<\/p>\n
                        \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Scope()<\/p>\n
                        \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 {<\/p>\n
                        \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 z=3;<\/p>\n
                        \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 print();<\/p>\n
                        \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 }<\/p>\n
                        };<\/p>\n
                        int main()<\/p>\n
                        {<\/p>\n
                        \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Scope s;<\/p>\n
                        \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return 0;<\/p>\n
                        }<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t
                        <\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                        • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                        • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                        • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                        • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                        • \n\t\t\t\t
                          \n\t\t\t\tQuestion 8<\/span> of 15<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
                          \n\t\t\t\t\t8<\/span>. Question\n\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                          \n\t\t\t\t\t
                          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
                          #include <iostream><\/p>\n
                          \u00a0<\/p>\n
                          using namespace std;<\/p>\n
                          class Scope{<\/p>\n
                          \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 protected:<\/p>\n
                          \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 int z,y;<\/p>\n
                          \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 int add(int x)<\/p>\n
                          \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 {<\/p>\n
                          \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 cout<<z+x;<\/p>\n
                          \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 }<\/p>\n
                          \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 public:<\/p>\n
                          \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Scope()<\/p>\n
                          \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 {<\/p>\n
                          \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 z=3;<\/p>\n
                          \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 add(5);<\/p>\n
                          \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 }<\/p>\n
                          };<\/p>\n
                          int main()<\/p>\n
                          {<\/p>\n
                          \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Scope s;<\/p>\n
                          \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return 0;<\/p>\n
                          }<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t
                          <\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                          • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                          • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                          • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                          • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                          • \n\t\t\t\t
                            \n\t\t\t\tQuestion 9<\/span> of 15<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
                            \n\t\t\t\t\t9<\/span>. Question\n\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                            \n\t\t\t\t\t
                            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
                            #include <iostream><\/p>\n
                            \u00a0<\/p>\n
                            using namespace std;<\/p>\n
                            class PrivateClass{<\/p>\n
                            \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 public:<\/p>\n
                            \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 int p=1;<\/p>\n
                            \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 PrivateClass()<\/p>\n
                            \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 {<\/p>\n
                            \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 PrivateFunction();<\/p>\n
                            \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 }<\/p>\n
                            \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 private:<\/p>\n
                            \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 int PrivateFunction()<\/p>\n
                            \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 {<\/p>\n
                            \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 cout<<p;<\/p>\n
                            \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 }<\/p>\n
                            \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n
                            };<\/p>\n
                            int main()<\/p>\n
                            {<\/p>\n
                            \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 PrivateClass p;<\/p>\n
                            \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return 0;<\/p>\n
                            }<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t
                            <\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                            • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                            • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                            • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                            • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                            • \n\t\t\t\t
                              \n\t\t\t\tQuestion 10<\/span> of 15<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
                              \n\t\t\t\t\t10<\/span>. Question\n\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              \n\t\t\t\t\t
                              \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              #include <iostream><\/p>\n
                              \u00a0<\/p>\n
                              using namespace std;<\/p>\n
                              class PrivateClass{<\/p>\n
                              \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 public:<\/p>\n
                              \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 PrivateClass()<\/p>\n
                              \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 {<\/p>\n
                              \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 PrivateFunction();<\/p>\n
                              \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 }<\/p>\n
                              \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 private:<\/p>\n
                              \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 int p=1;<\/p>\n
                              \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 int PrivateFunction()<\/p>\n
                              \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 {<\/p>\n
                              \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 protectedclass();<\/p>\n
                              \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 }<\/p>\n
                              \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 protected:<\/p>\n
                              \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 int protectedclass()<\/p>\n
                              \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 {<\/p>\n
                              \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 cout<<p;<\/p>\n
                              \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 }<\/p>\n
                              \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n
                              };<\/p>\n
                              int main()<\/p>\n
                              {<\/p>\n
                              \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 PrivateClass p;<\/p>\n
                              \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 return 0;<\/p>\n
                              }<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t
                              <\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              • \n\t\t\t\t
                                \n\t\t\t\tQuestion 11<\/span> of 15<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
                                \n\t\t\t\t\t11<\/span>. Question\n\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                                \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                Which is not one of the types of access modifiers in class?<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t
                                <\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                  \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                • \n\t\t\t\t
                                  \n\t\t\t\tQuestion 12<\/span> of 15<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
                                  \n\t\t\t\t\t12<\/span>. Question\n\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                  \n\t\t\t\t\t
                                  \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                  What are the default access modifiers in class?<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t
                                  <\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                  • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                  • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                  • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                  • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                  • \n\t\t\t\t
                                    \n\t\t\t\tQuestion 13<\/span> of 15<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
                                    \n\t\t\t\t\t13<\/span>. Question\n\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                    \n\t\t\t\t\t
                                    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                    Which statement is true about the scope of private members?<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t
                                    <\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                    • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                    • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                    • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                    • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                    • \n\t\t\t\t
                                      \n\t\t\t\tQuestion 14<\/span> of 15<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
                                      \n\t\t\t\t\t14<\/span>. Question\n\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                      \n\t\t\t\t\t
                                      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                      Which statement is true about the scope of Protected members?<\/p>\n
                                      \u00a0<\/p>\n
                                      \u00a0<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t
                                      <\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                      • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                      • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                      • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                      • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                      • \n\t\t\t\t
                                        \n\t\t\t\tQuestion 15<\/span> of 15<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
                                        \n\t\t\t\t\t15<\/span>. Question\n\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                        \n\t\t\t\t\t
                                        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                        \u00a0A variable that can be accessed anywhere outside the class but within the program should have an access modifier as?<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t
                                        <\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                        • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                        • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                        • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                        • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t