{"id":11687,"date":"2018-03-24T06:46:15","date_gmt":"2018-03-24T01:16:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/?p=11687"},"modified":"2021-05-09T13:16:50","modified_gmt":"2021-05-09T07:46:50","slug":"read-raw-data-in-sas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/read-raw-data-in-sas\/","title":{"rendered":"How to Enter and Read Raw Data in SAS"},"content":{"rendered":"

In the last article, we learned how SAS merge data sets<\/strong>,\u00a0today we will be looking at how to enter & read raw data in SAS. Like we discussed earlier, a raw data file is a file that is temporarily stored by SAS for the execution of a program.<\/p>\n

So, let’s start our journey of Entering & Reading Raw Data in SAS Programming.<\/p>\n

\"Read<\/a><\/p>\n

6 Best Ways to Enter & Read Raw Data in SAS<\/h2>\n

Below are some of the ways in which we can enter and read Raw Data in SAS.<\/p>\n

1. Instream Data<\/h3>\n

If you are planning to enter a small amount of data, it will be convenient to type the data in the SAS program rather than reading it from another file. This is known as instream<\/strong> data. It is a quick and easy way to enter data into SAS for analysis.<\/p>\n

You will need 4 basic types of statements to enter data of this type:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Data<\/li>\n
  • Input<\/li>\n
  • Cards or data lines<\/li>\n
  • A semicolon on a line by itself to end the data<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Note:<\/strong>\u00a0There should be at least one blank between each data value. More than one blank is appropriate. It is important to have something as a placeholder for each variable, even when the value is missing.<\/p>\n

    A period (.) will serve to indicate a missing value for both numeric and character variables entered in this way. The data do not need to be lined up exactly in columns.<\/p>\n

    Example-<\/strong><\/p>\n

    data salary;\r\ninput lname $ id sex $ salary age;\r\ncards;\r\nSmith\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1028 M\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 .\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 .\r\nWilliams\u00a0\u00a0 1337 F\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3500\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 49\r\nBrun\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1829 .\u00a0\u00a0 14800\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 56\r\nAgassi\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1553 F\u00a0\u00a0 11800\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 65\r\nVernon\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1626 M\u00a0 129000\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 60\r\n\u00a0 ;\r\nproc print data=salary;\r\nrun;<\/pre>\n
    2. Entering data for more than one case on the same line<\/h3>\n
    If you want to enter raw data in SAS on the same line for several cases, you can use the @@ symbol<\/strong>:<\/p>\n
    Example-<\/strong><\/p>\n
    data test;\r\n\u00a0\u00a0 input x y group @@;\r\n\u00a0\u00a0 cards;\r\n1\u00a0 2 A\u00a0\u00a0 3 12 A\u00a0\u00a0 15 22 B\u00a0\u00a0 17 29 B\u00a0\u00a0 11 44 C\u00a0\u00a0 13 29 C\r\n7 21 D\u00a0 11 29 D\u00a0\u00a0 16 19 E\u00a0\u00a0 25 27 E\u00a0\u00a0 41 12 F\u00a0\u00a0 17 19 F\r\n;\r\nproc print data=test;\r\nrun;<\/pre>\n
    This results in the following output, which shows that data have been entered for 12 cases:<\/p>\n
    OBS\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 X\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Y\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 GROUP
    \n1\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 1\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 2\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 A
    \n2\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a03\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a012\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 A
    \n3\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 15\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 22\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 B
    \n4\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 17\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 29\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 B
    \n5\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 11\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 44\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 C
    \n6\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 13\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 29\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 C
    \n7\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a07\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a021\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 D
    \n8\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a011\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a029\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 D
    \n9\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a016\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a019\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 E
    \n10\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 25\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 27\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 E
    \n11\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 41\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 12\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 F
    \n12\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 17\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 19\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 F<\/p>\n
    3. Reading data from external files<\/h3>\n
    Read Raw data in SAS, files (sometimes called ascii files, flat files, text files or unformatted files) can come from many different sources: when exported from a database program, such as Access, from a spreadsheet program, such as Excel.<\/p>\n
    The first step is to be sure that you know the characteristics of the raw data file in SAS. You can check & read raw data in SAS by using a text editor or word processing program.<\/p>\n
    For small files, you can use Windows Notepad, for larger files you can use Microsoft Word or Word Perfect (be sure if you open your raw data file with a word processing program, that you save it as text only or unformatted text when you quit).<\/p>\n
    To be able to read a raw data file, you will need a codebook that gives information about the data contained in the file. Some commonly used raw data file types are:<\/p>\n
    i. Blank separated values <\/strong>(with data in list form)<\/p>\n
    ii. Comma-separated values <\/strong>(.csv files–these typically come from Excel)<\/p>\n
      \n
    • Tab-separated values <\/strong>(.txt files–these may come from a number of different applications, including Excel)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
      iii. Fixed-column data <\/strong>(often the form of data from government agencies, or research groups, such as ICPSR–the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research)<\/p>\n
      The part of SAS that creates a new data set is the data step as we discussed before. The data step for reading raw data from a file has 3 essential statements:<\/p>\n
        \n
      • Data<\/li>\n
      • Infile<\/li>\n
      • Input<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
        Other statements may be added to the data step to create new variables, carry out data transformations, or recode variables.<\/p>\n
        4. Reading blank separated values ( list or free-form data)<\/h3>\n
        Raw data values separated by blanks are often called list or free-form data. Each value is separated from the next by one or more blanks. If there are any missing values, they must be indicated by a placeholder, such as a period.<\/p>\n
        Note that a period can be used to indicate a missing value for either character or numeric variables. Missing values can also be denoted by a missing value code, such as 99 or 999. The data do not need to be lined up in columns, so lines can be of unequal length, and can appear \u201cragged\u201d.<\/p>\n
        Here is an excerpt from a raw data file that is separated by blanks. Note that the values in the file are not lined up in columns. The name of the raw data file is class.dat. Missing values indicates by a period\u00a0 (.), with a blank between periods for contiguous missing values.<\/p>\n
        Warren F 29 68 139
        \nKalbfleisch F 35 64 120
        \nPierce M . . 112
        \nWalker F 22 56 133
        \nRogers M 45 68 145
        \nBaldwin M 47 72 128
        \nMims F 48 67 152
        \nLambini F 36 . 120
        \nGossert M . 73 139<\/p>\n
        The SAS data step to read raw data in SAS is very simple. The data statement names the data set to create, and the infile statement indicates the raw data file to read. The input statement lists the variables to read in the order in which they appear in the raw data file.<\/p>\n
        No variables can skip at the beginning of the variable list, but you may stop reading variables before reaching the end of the list.\u00a0 Here are the SAS commands for reading this data:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n
        data class;\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 infile \"class.dat\";\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 input lname $ sex $ age height sbp;\r\nrun;<\/pre>\n
        5. Reading raw data separated by commas (.csv files):<\/h3>\n
        Read raw data in SAS,\u00a0 files will in the form of CSV (Comma Separated Values) files. These files create by Excel and are very easy to read raw data in SAS Programming. An excerpt of a CSV file called PULSE.CSV discusses below.<\/p>\n
        Note that the first line of data contains the variable names.<\/p>\n
        pulse1,pulse2,ran,smokes,sex,height,weight,activity
        \n64,88,1,2,1,66,140,2
        \n58,70,1,2,1,72,145,2
        \n62,76,1,1,1,73,160,3
        \n66,78,1,1,1,73,190,1<\/p>\n
        SAS commands to read in this raw data file:<\/p>\n
        data pulse;\r\n\u00a0\u00a0 infile \"pulse.csv\" firstobs=2 delimiter = \",\"\u00a0 dsd;\r\n\u00a0\u00a0 input pulse1 pulse2 ran smokes sex height weight activity;\r\nrun;<\/pre>\n
        There are several modifications to the infile statement in the previous example:<\/p>\n
          \n
        1. delimiter = “,” or dlm=”,” <\/strong>tells SAS that commas use to separate the values in the raw data file, not the default, which is a blank.<\/li>\n
        2. firstobs =\u00a0 2<\/strong>\u00a0 tells SAS to begin reading the raw data file at line 2, which is where the actual values begin.<\/li>\n
        3. dsd <\/strong>allows SAS to read consecutive commas as an indication of missing values.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
          The delimiter option may shorten to dlm, as shown below:<\/p>\n
          data pulse;\r\n\u00a0\u00a0 infile \"pulse.csv\" firstobs=2 dlm = \",\" dsd;\r\n\u00a0\u00a0 input pulse1 pulse2 ran smokes sex height weight activity;\r\nrun;<\/pre>\n
          6. Reading in raw data separated by tabs (.txt files):<\/h3>\n
          Here we can read raw data in SAS, by separate tabs may create by Excel (saving a file with the text option) or by other applications. The example below shows how tab-separated data appear when viewed without the tabs visible. This is a portion of the raw data file, iris.txt:<\/p>\n
          51\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 38\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 15\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Setosa
          \n54\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 34\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 17\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Setosa
          \n51\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 37\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 15\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Setosa
          \n52\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 35\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 15\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Setosa
          \n53\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 37\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 15\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Setosa
          \n65\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 28\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 46\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 15\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Versicolor
          \n62\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 22\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 45\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 15\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Versicolor
          \n59\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 32\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 48\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 18\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Versicolor
          \n61\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 30\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 46\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 14\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Versicolor<\/p>\n
          It is clearly not obvious to the naked eye that there are tabs separating the values in this file, but you still need to specify this to correct read raw data in SAS.<\/p>\n
          To do this, modify the infile statement to tell SAS that the delimiters are tabs. Since there is no character equivalent of the tab, the hexadecimal equivalent of tab\u00a0indicates in the delimiter =<\/strong> option, as shown below:<\/p>\n
          data iris;\r\n\u00a0 infile \"c:\\temp\\labdata\\iris.txt\"\u00a0 dsd missover dlm=\"09\"X\u00a0 ;\r\n\u00a0 length species $ 10;\r\n\u00a0 input\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 sepallen\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 sepalwid\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 petallen\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 petalwid\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 species $;\r\nrun;\r\nproc print data=iris;\r\nrun;<\/pre>\n
          Note that SPECIES read as a character variable. We also use a length statement to be sure we get the correct length of the variable SPECIES.<\/p>\n
          Even though this variable appears last in the raw data, it will be first in the SAS data set, because the length statement is given before the data are read in. We will discuss the partial output from these commands:<\/p>\n
          Obs\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 species\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 sepallen\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 sepalwid\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 petallen\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 petalwid
          \n1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Setosa\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 50\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 33\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 14\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2
          \n2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Setosa\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 46\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 34\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 14\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3
          \n3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Setosa\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 46\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 36\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 10\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2
          \n4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Setosa\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 51\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 33\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 17\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 5
          \n5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Setosa\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 55\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 35\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 13\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2
          \n6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Setosa\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 48\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 31\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 16\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2
          \n7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Setosa\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 52\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 34\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 14\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2<\/p>\n
          \n
          \n
          \n
          This was all, How to Enter and Read Raw Data in SAS Tutorial. Hope you like our explanation.<\/div>\n
          Summary<\/h2>\n
          So, this was all about how to enter & read raw data in SAS and different ways of reading raw data in SAS Programming Language. We will next be learning about how to write data in SAS.<\/strong><\/p>\n
          Furthermore, if you have any query regarding how to enter & read raw data in SAS, comment below and stay tuned for more.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
          In the last article, we learned how SAS merge data sets,\u00a0today we will be looking at how to enter & read raw data in SAS. Like we discussed earlier, a raw data file is...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":11698,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[59],"tags":[16486,6838,11361,12227],"class_list":["post-11687","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sas","tag-entering-reading-raw-data-in-sas","tag-instream-data","tag-read-raw-data-in-sas","tag-sas-read-raw-data"],"yoast_head":"\nHow to Enter and Read Raw Data in SAS - DataFlair<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Different ways to enter & read raw data in SAS; From Instream Data, external files, Data separated by tabs and commas and blank separated values.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/read-raw-data-in-sas\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How to Enter and Read Raw Data in SAS - DataFlair\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Different ways to enter & read raw data in SAS; 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