{"id":11320,"date":"2018-03-23T08:38:03","date_gmt":"2018-03-23T03:08:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/?p=11320"},"modified":"2021-05-09T13:16:52","modified_gmt":"2021-05-09T07:46:52","slug":"sas-operators","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/sas-operators\/","title":{"rendered":"SAS Operators Guide – Everything You Need to Know"},"content":{"rendered":"

In this SAS tutorial, we will study SAS Operators, types of SAS Operators; Arithmetic Operators,\u00a0Logical Operators, and\u00a0Comparison Operators. We will also see Symbol, expression, examples of operators in SAS Programming Language. At last, we will see some sub-type of these SAS Operators.<\/p>\n

Introduction to SAS Operators<\/h2>\n

Operators in SAS are symbols that are used to perform calculations such as (mathematical, arithmetic, logical, comparison) between two expressions or two variables.<\/p>\n

Types of Operators in SAS<\/h2>\n

All operators in SAS are in-built. Below are the three most important types of operators present in SAS \u2013<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Arithmetic Operators in SAS<\/li>\n
  2. Logical Operators in SAS<\/li>\n
  3. Comparison Operators in SAS<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    1. SAS Arithmetic Operators<\/h3>\n

    These SAS Operators are used to show that an arithmetic calculation is being performed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Symbol<\/strong><\/td>\nDefinition<\/strong><\/td>\nExample<\/strong><\/td>\nResult<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    **<\/td>\nexponentiation<\/td>\na**3<\/td>\nraise A to the third power<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    *<\/td>\nmultiplication<\/u><\/td>\n2*y<\/td>\nmultiply 2 by the value of Y<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \/<\/td>\ndivision<\/td>\nvar\/4<\/td>\ndivide the value of VAR by 4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    +<\/td>\naddition<\/td>\nnum+4<\/td>\nadd 4 to the value of NUM<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    –<\/td>\nsubtraction<\/td>\nsale-discount<\/td>\nsubtract the value of DISCOUNT from the value of SALE<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    2. SAS Logical Operators<\/h3>\n

    Logical operators are also called\u00a0Boolean operators. These SAS Operators are usually used in expressions to construct logical sequences of comparisons. The logical operators are shown in the following table:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Symbol<\/strong><\/td>\nMnemonic Equivalent<\/strong><\/td>\nExample<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    &<\/td>\nAND<\/td>\n(a>b & c>d)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    |
    \n~<\/td>\n    		OR
    \nNOT<\/td>\n    		(a>b or c>d)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    An example of a SAS statement using a logical operator is shown below:<\/p>\n

    if age < 25 and sex = “F” then youngfem = 1;<\/p>\n

    Parentheses can be used in SAS expressions to group parts of the expression and control the order in which operations are processed.<\/p>\n

    Expressions within parentheses are evaluated before anything outside of parentheses is checked. Be sure that each left parenthesis is followed by a matching right parenthesis.<\/p>\n

    if (age < 25) and (sex = “F”) then youngfem = 1;<\/p>\n

    Below, we use\u00a0AND\u00a0<\/strong>to output observations representing Australian sales associates that make less than $30,000 a year. Both the symbol and mnemonic are used and they give the same result.<\/p>\n

    PROC PRINT DATA=idre.sales;\r\nWHERE Country='AU' AND Salary<30000;\r\nRUN;<\/pre>\n
    PROC PRINT data=idre.sales;\r\nWHERE Country='AU' & Salary<30000;\r\nRUN;<\/pre>\n
    With comparison operators, you can also combine\u00a0\u00a0AND Operator<\/strong>,\u00a0OR operator<\/strong>\u00a0&\u00a0NOT operator\u00a0<\/strong>with the\u00a0IN\u00a0operator<\/strong>. In the example below, the variable\u00a0job_title<\/strong>\u00a0includes seven different job types.<\/p>\n
    We want to obtain frequencies of all of them except for two, Sales Manager and Sales Rep IV. So, we use the\u00a0NOT<\/strong>\u00a0combined with\u00a0IN<\/strong>\u00a0since we have more than one value that we are trying to exclude.<\/p>\n
    PROC FREQ DATA=idre.sales;\r\nTABLES Job_Title;\r\nWHERE Job_Title NOT IN ('Sales Manager','Sales Rep. IV');\r\nRUN;<\/pre>\n
    3. SAS Comparison Operators<\/h3>\n
    Comparison operators\u00a0set up a comparison, operation, or calculation of two variables, constants, or expressions. If the comparison is true, the result is 1. If the comparison is false, the result is 0.<\/p>\n
    These operators can be expressed as symbols or with their mnemonic equivalents, which are shown in the following table:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Symbol<\/strong><\/td>\nDefinition<\/strong><\/td>\nExample<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    =<\/td>\nequal to<\/td>\na=2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    ^=<\/td>\nnot equal to<\/td>\na ne 2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    ><\/td>\ngreater than<\/td>\nnum>6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    <<\/td>\nless than<\/td>\nnum<6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    >=<\/td>\ngreater than or equal to<\/td>\nsales>=200<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    <=<\/td>\nless than or equal to<\/td>\nsales<=200<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
    One of the simplest ways to use a comparison operator is in\u00a0a\u00a0WHERE\u00a0<\/strong>statement. In the \u201csales\u201d data file, we have information on sales associates from Australia (AU) and the United States (US).<\/p>\n
    If we only wanted to output records for Australian sales associates, we could use the\u00a0=<\/strong>\u00a0or eq operator. Since the variable country contains character information is not numeric, we need to put single quotes around \u2018AU\u2019.<\/p>\n
    PROC PRINT DATA=idre.sales;\r\nWHERE Country='AU';\r\nRUN;<\/pre>\n
    The\u00a0IN<\/strong>\u00a0operator in SAS can be used if you are trying to specify a list or range of values, as demonstrated below.<\/p>\n
    PROC PRINT DATA=idre.sales;\r\nWHERE Country IN ('AU', 'US');\r\nRUN;<\/pre>\n
    We can also specify SAS to output only certain ranges of values for numeric variables. In the first example below, we ask SAS to output\u00a0salary\u00a0values<\/strong> that are less than (<<\/strong>) $30,000. In the second example, we output\u00a0salary<\/strong>\u00a0values greater than or equal to $30,000.<\/p>\n
    PROC PRINT DATA=idre.sales;\r\nWHERE Salary<30000;\r\nRUN;<\/pre>\n
    PROC PRINT DATA=idre.sales;\r\nWHERE Salary ge 30000;\r\nRUN;<\/pre>\n
    Order of Precedence of Operators<\/h2>\n
    The order of precedence of the arithmetic operators and Boolean operators in SAS Programming is shown below. Items in higher row are evaluated before those in a lower row, and items in the same row are evaluated generally from left to right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    \n
    *****<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \n
    * and \/<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \n
    + and –<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \n
    < \u00a0< + \u00a0= ~= \u00a0>= > ~< \u00a0~><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \n
    & (AND) | (OR)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
    This was all on SAS Operators. Hope you liked our explanation.<\/p>\n
    Summary<\/h2>\n
    This section was all about what are SAS operators, different types of operators in SAS and some examples of SAS operators showing them. Don\u2019t they make evaluating expressions easier? We will learn about other important functions in SAS<\/strong> in the upcoming articles.<\/p>\n
    Did you face difficulty in any of the operators? Enter in the comments section. We will definitely provide you with a quick solution.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
    In this SAS tutorial, we will study SAS Operators, types of SAS Operators; Arithmetic Operators,\u00a0Logical Operators, and\u00a0Comparison Operators. We will also see Symbol, expression, examples of operators in SAS Programming Language. At last, we...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":11563,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[59],"tags":[19688,19687,12068,12107],"class_list":["post-11320","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sas","tag-sas-arithmetic-operators","tag-sas-comparison-operators","tag-sas-logical-operators","tag-sas-operators"],"yoast_head":"\nSAS Operators Guide - Everything You Need to Know - DataFlair<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Understand the types of SAS operators; Arithmetic Operators, Logical Operators, Comparison Operators & examples of SAS Operators; IN,AND,NOT,OR operators.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/sas-operators\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"SAS Operators Guide - Everything You Need to Know - DataFlair\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Understand the types of SAS operators; Arithmetic Operators, Logical Operators, Comparison Operators & examples of SAS Operators; IN,AND,NOT,OR operators.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/sas-operators\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"DataFlair\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/DataFlairWS\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-03-23T03:08:03+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-05-09T07:46:52+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/03\/SAS-Operators-01.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"628\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"DataFlair Team\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@DataFlairWS\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@DataFlairWS\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"DataFlair Team\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"SAS Operators Guide - Everything You Need to Know - DataFlair","description":"Understand the types of SAS operators; Arithmetic Operators, Logical Operators, Comparison Operators & examples of SAS Operators; IN,AND,NOT,OR operators.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/sas-operators\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"SAS Operators Guide - Everything You Need to Know - DataFlair","og_description":"Understand the types of SAS operators; Arithmetic Operators, Logical Operators, Comparison Operators & examples of SAS Operators; IN,AND,NOT,OR operators.","og_url":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/sas-operators\/","og_site_name":"DataFlair","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/DataFlairWS\/","article_published_time":"2018-03-23T03:08:03+00:00","article_modified_time":"2021-05-09T07:46:52+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1200,"height":628,"url":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/03\/SAS-Operators-01.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"DataFlair Team","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@DataFlairWS","twitter_site":"@DataFlairWS","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"DataFlair Team","Est. reading time":"4 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/sas-operators\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/sas-operators\/"},"author":{"name":"DataFlair Team","@id":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/#\/schema\/person\/2c58ecb4f73a39f0ef993f1ddfcd7b89"},"headline":"SAS Operators Guide – Everything You Need to Know","datePublished":"2018-03-23T03:08:03+00:00","dateModified":"2021-05-09T07:46:52+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/sas-operators\/"},"wordCount":777,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/sas-operators\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/03\/SAS-Operators-01.jpg","keywords":["SAS Arithmetic Operators","SAS Comparison Operators","sas logical operators","SAS Operators"],"articleSection":["SAS Tutorials"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/sas-operators\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/sas-operators\/","url":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/sas-operators\/","name":"SAS Operators Guide - Everything You Need to Know - DataFlair","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/sas-operators\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/sas-operators\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/03\/SAS-Operators-01.jpg","datePublished":"2018-03-23T03:08:03+00:00","dateModified":"2021-05-09T07:46:52+00:00","description":"Understand the types of SAS operators; Arithmetic Operators, Logical Operators, Comparison Operators & examples of SAS Operators; IN,AND,NOT,OR operators.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/sas-operators\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/sas-operators\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/sas-operators\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/03\/SAS-Operators-01.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/03\/SAS-Operators-01.jpg","width":1200,"height":628,"caption":"SAS Operators"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/sas-operators\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Blog Home","item":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"SAS Tutorials","item":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/category\/sas\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"SAS Operators Guide – Everything You Need to Know"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/#website","url":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/","name":"DataFlair","description":"Learn Today. Lead Tomorrow.","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/#organization","name":"DataFlair","url":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/07\/Data-Flair.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/07\/Data-Flair.png","width":106,"height":48,"caption":"DataFlair"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/DataFlairWS\/","https:\/\/x.com\/DataFlairWS","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/dataflair-web-services-pvt-ltd\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/DataFlairWS"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/#\/schema\/person\/2c58ecb4f73a39f0ef993f1ddfcd7b89","name":"DataFlair Team","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1ce4a0e3e542444fc73bbebf83e89e8b73e2d95ccb1fcee64da9945f078b97c5?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1ce4a0e3e542444fc73bbebf83e89e8b73e2d95ccb1fcee64da9945f078b97c5?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1ce4a0e3e542444fc73bbebf83e89e8b73e2d95ccb1fcee64da9945f078b97c5?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"DataFlair Team"},"description":"The DataFlair Team provides industry-driven content on programming, Java, Python, C++, DSA, AI, ML, data Science, Android, Flutter, MERN, Web Development, and technology. Our expert educators focus on delivering value-packed, easy-to-follow resources for tech enthusiasts and professionals.","url":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/author\/dfteam2\/"}]}},"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11320","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11320"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11320\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":93951,"href":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11320\/revisions\/93951"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11563"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11320"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11320"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11320"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}