

{"id":11218,"date":"2018-03-20T09:07:58","date_gmt":"2018-03-20T03:37:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/?p=11218"},"modified":"2021-05-09T13:16:59","modified_gmt":"2021-05-09T07:46:59","slug":"sas-variable","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/sas-variable\/","title":{"rendered":"SAS Variable &#8211; Types, Properties &amp; Creating Variables in SAS"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>We discussed <strong>SAS Data Set<\/strong>\u00a0in our last tutorial, now we will be discussing SAS Variable, properties of SAS Variable, SAS Variable types and how we can create variables in SAS. The new variable is based on other variables. SAS creates new character variables and uses them in a program.<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, we will see some examples of Variables in SAS Programming Language.<\/p>\n<p>So, let&#8217;s begin with SAS Variable.<\/p>\n<h2>What is a Variable in SAS?<\/h2>\n<p>SAS Variable is a name given by the user to any column of a dataset. The basic motive behind this is to categorize all observations under a particular characteristic like height, weight, name, date of birth and so on.<\/p>\n<p>Any name came to be given to a variable depending upon the characteristic, it has to represent. But, some rules should be followed.<\/p>\n<p>You can refer to rules to be kept in mind while naming variables in the SAS Basic syntax article.<\/p>\n<h2>Creating SAS Variable<\/h2>\n<p>Here, we can create the SAS variable in two ways:<\/p>\n<h3>i. New Variable<\/h3>\n<p>Suppose we have a data set called\u00a0length\u00a0which has length and breadth data.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\">Data\u00a0length;\r\ninput\u00a0length breadth;\r\ncards;\r\n65 130\r\n70 150\r\n67 145\r\n72 180\r\n62 110\r\n;\r\nrun;<\/pre>\n<p>The above code will form a dataset with variable names length and breadth and show 5 observations. Here, an input keyword is used for defining variables and cards keyword for assigning values to the variables.<\/p>\n<h3>ii. Adding Variables to an Existing Dataset<\/h3>\n<p>We would like to create a new data set with a new variable, Area, based on length and breadth. To create a new variable, specify the name of the variable in the DATA step and put a (=) sign with the parameters on which it depends.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Examples-\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>YearAge62 = byear+62;<\/li>\n<li>income = salary + interest;<\/li>\n<li>Parentsprice = (momsprice + dadsprice)\/<strong>2<\/strong>;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Area is equal to length*breadth.<\/p>\n<p>So in this case, if we had a data set that contained length in meters and breadth in meters, we could use SAS to compute a derived variable called &#8220;area&#8221; based on these two other variables. Here&#8217;s how we can do this in SAS:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\">data\u00a0length;\r\ninput\u00a0length breadth;\r\narea = length*breadth;\r\ncards;\r\n65 130\r\n70 150\r\n67 145\r\n72 180\r\n62 110\r\n;\r\nrun;<\/pre>\n<p>The data set &#8220;length&#8221; has three variables, length, breadth, and area. Note that the statement creating the new variable, area, is between the input statement and the statement of the card. New variables are always created within a DATA step.<\/p>\n<h2>SAS Variable Properties<\/h2>\n<p>Variables have 5 important properties, name, type, length, format and label, that help us to identify them and that define how they can be used.<\/p>\n<h3>i. SAS Variable Name<\/h3>\n<p>When naming a variable, there are a few rules you must follow:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The name should not contain more than 32 characters.<\/li>\n<li>The name cannot start with a number, it has to start with a letter (a-z) or an underscore(_). Numbers can be used after the first character.<\/li>\n<li>No Blanks or spaces should be present. For example, you cannot name a variable \u201cLast Name\u201d because it will not recognize the blank. Instead, use \u201cLastName\u201d or &#8220;last_name&#8221;.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Avoid giving long names to your variable. Also, try and avoid generic variable names like a1, a2, because that does not give much information and can be confusing.<\/p>\n<h3>ii. SAS Variable Type<\/h3>\n<p>There is two types of SAS variable:\u00a0numeric\u00a0and\u00a0character.<\/p>\n<h4>a. SAS Numeric Variable<\/h4>\n<p>This SAS Variable store numbers. The variable can be used for performing arithmetic calculations like addition, subtraction. Additionally, date-time variables are also considered numeric in SAS. Missing values for numeric variables appear as a period (.).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Syntax:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\">INPUT VARIABLE1 VARIABLE2 ; \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 #Define numeric variables in the data set.<\/pre>\n<p><strong>Example<\/strong><br \/>\nINPUT ID, SALARY, COMMISSION;<\/p>\n<h4>b. SAS Character Variables<\/h4>\n<p>This SAS Variable is also known as\u00a0<em>string variables,<\/em>\u00a0contain information that the system recognizes as text. These variables in SAS are defined by placing a dollar sign ($) at the end.<\/p>\n<p>They can include letters, special characters (such as &amp;,%,(),$), and even numbers. Missing values for character variables appear as a blank (&#8220;&#8221;).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Syntax:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\">INPUT VAR1 $ VAR2 $ VAR3 $; \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 #Define character variables in the data set.<\/pre>\n<p><strong>Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>INPUT NAME $ LNAME $ ADDRESS $;<\/p>\n<h3>iii. SAS Variable Length<\/h3>\n<p>The &#8220;length&#8221; of a SAS variable corresponds to the number of bytes for storing variables. The default number of bytes for both numeric and character variables is 8.<\/p>\n<h3>iv. SAS Variable Format<\/h3>\n<p>A variable&#8217;s format instructs SAS how it has to get print in the SAS output. In SAS, this includes:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Number of decimal places to show for numeric variables (e.g., 1 versus 1.00)<\/li>\n<li>Date format for dates (e.g. 05\/16\/2013 versus 2013MAY16 versus 2013-05-16)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Formats are crucial for helping readers understand your data and your output. Variable formats have enough details that we&#8217;ve split them into their own tutorials.<\/p>\n<h3>v. SAS Variable Label<\/h3>\n<p>Adding a label to a SAS variable is an interesting way to make dataset look easier and interpret it easily. A label provides extra information. For example, consider a student data where we have taken student\u2019s birth date as one variable and student\u2019s date of enrollment as the second variable.<\/p>\n<p>Now, suppose we want to create two variables in SAS, one for their current age and one for their age when they started attending college, we will name it something like \u201cage_now\u201d and \u201cage_start\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>However, if someone wants to look at our data, he will confuse between the two variables because such variable names can be difficult to understand. We might, therefore, want to name them as \u201cstudent\u2019s current age\u201d and \u201c student\u2019s age at the time of starting college\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>SAS Variable labels can assign either in a data step or a proc step. When a label assigns in a proc step, it is temporary; it will only associate with that variable during the execution of the proc step it contains within. (That is, the label will only appear in the output of the procedure it includes in.) When a label assigns in a data step, it becomes a permanent part of the dataset.<\/p>\n<p>A variable label statement looks like this:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"null\">LABEL variable_name = \"Variable label\";<\/pre>\n<h4>Variable Label\u00a0Example:<\/h4>\n<p>Let\u2019s add a label to the variable bday in our sample dataset.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11222\" style=\"width: 246px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/03\/SAS_variable_types1-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11222\" class=\"wp-image-11222 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/03\/SAS_variable_types1-1.png\" alt=\"SAS Variable \" width=\"236\" height=\"188\" srcset=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/03\/SAS_variable_types1-1.png 236w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/03\/SAS_variable_types1-1-150x119.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 236px) 100vw, 236px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-11222\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">SAS Variable Label<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Let\u2019s now temporarily add a label to the \u201cbday\u201d variable in the proc step. We\u2019ll demonstrate this using PROC PRINT statement.<\/p>\n<p>The important thing to note is that you can put a label statement in a proc step to give the variable a label for the output you produce in the proc step. This will not change the label of the variable in the dataset.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\">PROC PRINT DATA=sample LABEL;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 VAR bday;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 LABEL bday = \"Date of Birth\";\r\nRUN;<\/pre>\n<p>Note that in the output, the variable name that was \u201cbday\u201d earlier change to \u201c date of birth\u201d. This was temporary, and therefore, the variable name will not change in the dataset.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/03\/SAS_variable_types2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"174\" height=\"338\" class=\"wp-image-11223 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/03\/SAS_variable_types2.png\" alt=\"&quot;&lt;yoastmark\" srcset=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/03\/SAS_variable_types2.png 174w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/03\/SAS_variable_types2-77x150.png 77w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/03\/SAS_variable_types2-154x300.png 154w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 174px) 100vw, 174px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11224\" style=\"width: 246px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/03\/SAS_variable_types1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11224\" class=\"wp-image-11224 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/03\/SAS_variable_types1.png\" alt=\"SAS Variable \" width=\"236\" height=\"188\" srcset=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/03\/SAS_variable_types1.png 236w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/03\/SAS_variable_types1-150x119.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 236px) 100vw, 236px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-11224\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">SAS Variable Label<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Now, if we want to permanently add a label to the dataset, we will put it in a data step.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\">DATA students;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 LABEL bday = \"Date of Birth\";\r\nRUN;<\/pre>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/03\/SAS_variable_types4.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"236\" height=\"188\" class=\"wp-image-11225 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/03\/SAS_variable_types4.png\" alt=\"&quot;&lt;yoastmark\" srcset=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/03\/SAS_variable_types4.png 236w, https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/03\/SAS_variable_types4-150x119.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 236px) 100vw, 236px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Summary<\/h2>\n<p>Hence,\u00a0today we learned what is SAS variable, types of Variable in SAS: Numeric Variable, SAS Character Variables, Different properties of Variable in SAS Programming:\u00a0SAS Variable name, length, format &amp; label and how we can create variables in SAS.<\/p>\n<p>Stay tuned for more interesting things to learn SAS Programming.<\/p>\n<p>If you have any queries or feedbacks, just enter in the comment section.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>We discussed SAS Data Set\u00a0in our last tutorial, now we will be discussing SAS Variable, properties of SAS Variable, SAS Variable types and how we can create variables in SAS. The new variable is&#46;&#46;&#46;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":52566,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[59],"tags":[12307,12311,12312,12314,12316],"class_list":["post-11218","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sas","tag-sas-variable","tag-sas-variable-length","tag-sas-variable-name","tag-sas-variable-properties","tag-sas-variable-types"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>SAS Variable - Types, Properties &amp; Creating Variables in SAS - DataFlair<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"SAS variable tutorial covers types of Variable in SAS, properties of SAS variables; variable length, format and label, and how to create Variables.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/sas-variable\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"SAS Variable - Types, Properties &amp; 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