{"id":11100,"date":"2018-03-20T04:15:37","date_gmt":"2018-03-19T22:45:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/?p=11100"},"modified":"2026-04-24T14:34:33","modified_gmt":"2026-04-24T09:04:33","slug":"python-modules","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/python-modules\/","title":{"rendered":"Advance Python Modules – How to Create & Import with dir Function"},"content":{"rendered":"

In this Python Module tutorial, we will discuss what a module is in the Python programming language. Moreover, we will talk about how to create Python modules and import modules in Python.<\/p>\n

Along with this, we will learn how to execute modules as a script, standard Python modules, and Python dir functions.<\/p>\n

So, let’s start with the Modules in Python Tutorial.<\/p>\n

\"Python<\/a>

Python Modules<\/p><\/div>\n

What is a Python Module?<\/h3>\n

Python module is but a piece of code.<\/em><\/p>\n

Exiting the interpreter destroys all functions and variables we created. But when we want a longer program, we create a script.<\/p>\n

With Python, we can put such definitions in a file and use them in a script, or in an interactive instance of the interpreter. Such a file is a module.<\/p>\n

Types of modules in Python:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  • Built-in module:<\/strong> These modules are preinstalled with the Python standard library, and they can be used immediately.<\/li>\n
  • User- defined module:<\/strong> These are the custom files that are created by the developers to create their own code.<\/li>\n
  • External module:<\/strong> This module is being maintained by the community and is installed by the package managers like pip.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    In essence, a module is a file that contains Python statements and definitions. A Python module looks like this:<\/p>\n

    calc.py<\/strong><\/p>\n

    How to Create Python Modules?<\/h3>\n

    Let\u2019s create a Python modules \u2018calc\u2019.<\/p>\n

    Microsoft Windows [Version 10.0.16299.309]<\/p>\n

    (c) 2017 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.<\/p>\n

    C:\\Users\\lifei>cd Desktop<\/p>\n

    C:\\Users\\lifei\\Desktop>mkdir calc<\/p>\n

    C:\\Users\\lifei\\Desktop>cd calc<\/p>\n

    C:\\Users\\lifei\\Desktop\\calc>echo >__init__.py<\/p>\n

    C:\\Users\\lifei\\Desktop\\calc>echo >calc.py<\/p>\n

    C:\\Users\\lifei\\Desktop\\calc><\/p>\n

    And this is what we put inside the module calc.py:<\/p>\n

    def add(a,b):\r\n     return a+b\r\ndef sub(a,b): \r\n     return a-b\r\ndef mul(a,b):\r\n     return a*b\r\ndef div(a,b):\r\n     return a\/b\r\ndef exp(a,b):\r\n     return a**b\r\ndef floordiv(a,b):\r\n     return a\/\/b<\/pre>\n
    Also, calc is a package we create, and we place __init__.py inside it (Refer to Python Packages).<\/p>\n
    How can we Import Modules in Python?<\/h3>\n
    Now, to import Python modules, we first get to the Desktop in Python.<\/p>\n
    >>> import os\r\n>>> os.chdir('C:\\\\Users\\\\lifei\\\\Desktop\\\\calc')\r\n>>> import calc\r\n>>><\/pre>\n
    To find the name of this module, we can use the __name__ attribute.<\/p>\n
    >>> calc.__name__<\/pre>\n
    Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
    ‘calc’<\/div>\n
    We can now use functions from this module:<\/p>\n
    We can also assign one of these functions a name:<\/p>\n
    >>> fd=calc.floordiv\r\n>>> fd(5.5,4)<\/pre>\n
    Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
    1.0<\/div>\n
    >>> fd(9,4)<\/pre>\n
    Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
    2<\/div>\n
    >>> type(fd(9,4))<\/pre>\n
    Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
    <class ‘int’><\/div>\n
    >>> type(fd(5.5,4))<\/pre>\n
    Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
    <class ‘float’><\/div>\n
    More on Python Modules and Importing<\/h3>\n
    Python modules may contain anything from executable statements to function definitions. Such statements initialize the module. Hence, they execute only once, when we import the module.<\/p>\n
    However, they also run if we execute the file as a script. Each module uses its own private symbol table globally for all of its functions.<\/p>\n
    So, the author can use global variables in the module without worrying that they will accidentally clash with a\u00a0 user\u2019s global variables.<\/p>\n
    A module can always import other modules in Python. In fact, we can place import statements at the beginning of a module\/script, but we don\u2019t need to.<\/p>\n
    This places the imported module\u2019s name in the importing module\u2019s symbol table.<\/p>\n
    We can also selectively import functions from a module:<\/p>\n
    >>> from calc import div as d,floordiv as fd\r\n>>> d(9,4)<\/pre>\n
    Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
    2.25<\/div>\n
    >>> fd(9,4)<\/pre>\n
    Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
    2<\/div>\n
    We can also import all from a module:<\/p>\n
    >>> from calc import *\r\n>>> floordiv(9,4)<\/pre>\n
    Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
    2<\/div>\n
    This will import all names other than those beginning with an underscore(_). However, we disparage this use, as it makes for poorly readable code.<\/p>\n
    We can also import a module under an alias.<\/p>\n
    >>> import calc as cal\r\n>>> cal.sub<\/pre>\n
    Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \n
    <function sub at 0x0655CC90><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
    How to Execute Python Modules as Scripts?<\/h3>\n
    Look at the following code:<\/p>\n
    def add(a,b):\r\n      print(a+b)\r\ndef sub(a,b): \r\n      print(a-b)\r\ndef mul(a,b): \r\n      print(a*b)\r\ndef div(a,b):\r\n      print(a\/b)\r\ndef exp(a,b):\r\n      print(a**b)\r\ndef floordiv(a,b):\r\n      print(a\/\/b)\r\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\r\n      import sys\r\n      if int(sys.argv[1])==1:\r\n            add(int(sys.argv[2]),int(sys.argv[3]))\r\n      elif int(sys.argv[1])==2:\r\n            sub(int(sys.argv[2]),int(sys.argv[3]))<\/pre>\n
    These last few lines let us use the sys module to deal with command line arguments. To execute subtraction, this is what we type in the command prompt:<\/p>\n
    C:\\Users\\lifei\\Desktop\\calc>python calc.py 2 3 4<\/p>\n
    -1<\/p>\n
    This way, you can complete the code for other operations as well. Hence, we\u2019ve created a script. But we can also import this normally, like a module:<\/p>\n
    >>> import calc\r\n>>><\/pre>\n
    We may want to run a module as a script for testing purposes.<\/p>\n
    Any doubts yet in Python Modules? Please Comment.<\/p>\n
    Python Module Search Path<\/h3>\n
    Whenever we import Python modules, say eggs, the interpreter searches a built-in version. If not found, it searches for a file named eggs.py under a list of directories given by the variable sys.path.<\/p>\n
    This variable is initialized from the following locations:<\/strong><\/p>\n
      \n
    • The directory holding the input script (or the current directory, in case no file is specified).<\/li>\n
    • PYTHONPATH (a list of directory names, with the same syntax as the shell variable PATH).<\/li>\n
    • The installation-dependent default.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
      Once initialized, a Python program may modify sys.path.<\/p>\n
      Compiled Python Files<\/h3>\n
      In an attempt to speed up loading a module, Python will cache each module\u2019s compiled version in the __pycache__ directory. It does so under the name module.version.pyc.<\/p>\n
      Here, the version encodes the compiled file\u2019s format. For instance, under CPython 3.3, we\u2019ll have eggs.py as __pycache__\/eggs.cpython-33.pyc.<\/p>\n
      This allows compiled modules from different Python versions and releases to coexist.<\/p>\n
      These compiled modules are platform-independent. If the compiled version is out of date, Python recompiles it automatically.<\/p>\n
      Python Standard Modules<\/h3>\n
      And like we\u2019ve always said, Python ships with a library of standard Python modules. While some of them are built into the interpreter, we can create our own.<\/p>\n
      The standard ones lend us extra functionality, in turn reducing the need to code too much. Other times, they provide efficiency to a programmer, in cases like providing access to operating system primitives, such as system calls.<\/p>\n
      The module sys is built into every Python interpreter. However, some modules are only available to certain operating platforms.<\/p>\n
      For instance, the winreg module is only available to Windows programmers.<\/p>\n
      The sys module will also tell you which version of Python you are using.<\/p>\n
      >>> import sys\r\n>>> sys.version<\/pre>\n
      Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
      ‘3.6.0 (v3.6.0:41df79263a11, Dec 23 2016, 07:18:10) [MSC v.1900 32 bit (Intel)]’<\/div>\n
      Python dir() Function<\/h3>\n
      The dir() is a built-in function that returns a sorted list of all the names that a Python modules defines.<\/p>\n
      >>> dir(sys)<\/pre>\n
      Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
      [‘__displayhook__’, ‘__doc__’, ‘__excepthook__’, ‘__interactivehook__’, ‘__loader__’, ‘__name__’, ‘__package__’, ‘__spec__’, ‘__stderr__’, ‘__stdin__’, ‘__stdout__’, ‘_clear_type_cache’, ‘_current_frames’, ‘_debugmallocstats’, ‘_enablelegacywindowsfsencoding’, ‘_getframe’, ‘_home’, ‘_mercurial’, ‘_xoptions’, ‘api_version’, ‘argv’, ‘base_exec_prefix’, ‘base_prefix’, ‘builtin_module_names’, ‘byteorder’, ‘call_tracing’, ‘callstats’, ‘copyright’, ‘displayhook’, ‘dllhandle’, ‘dont_write_bytecode’, ‘exc_info’, ‘excepthook’, ‘exec_prefix’, ‘executable’, ‘exit’, ‘flags’, ‘float_info’, ‘float_repr_style’, ‘get_asyncgen_hooks’, ‘get_coroutine_wrapper’, ‘getallocatedblocks’, ‘getcheckinterval’, ‘getdefaultencoding’, ‘getfilesystemencodeerrors’, ‘getfilesystemencoding’, ‘getprofile’, ‘getrecursionlimit’, ‘getrefcount’, ‘getsizeof’, ‘getswitchinterval’, ‘gettrace’, ‘getwindowsversion’, ‘hash_info’, ‘hexversion’, ‘implementation’, ‘int_info’, ‘intern’, ‘is_finalizing’, ‘last_traceback’, ‘last_type’, ‘last_value’, ‘maxsize’, ‘maxunicode’, ‘meta_path’, ‘modules’, ‘path’, ‘path_hooks’, ‘path_importer_cache’, ‘platform’, ‘prefix’, ‘set_asyncgen_hooks’, ‘set_coroutine_wrapper’, ‘setcheckinterval’, ‘setprofile’, ‘setrecursionlimit’, ‘setswitchinterval’, ‘settrace’, ‘stderr’, ‘stdin’, ‘stdout’, ‘thread_info’, ‘version’, ‘version_info’, ‘warnoptions’, ‘winver’]<\/div>\n
      >>> for i in dir(calc): print(i)<\/pre>\n
      Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
      __builtins__
      \n__cached__
      \n__doc__
      \n__file__
      \n__loader__
      \n__name__
      \n__package__
      \n__spec__
      \nadd
      \ndiv
      \nexp
      \nfloordiv
      \nmul
      \nsub<\/div>\n
      And without any arguments, dir() returns a list of the names that we have defined currently.<\/p>\n
      >>> dir()<\/pre>\n
      Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
      [‘__annotations__’, ‘__builtins__’, ‘__doc__’, ‘__loader__’, ‘__name__’, ‘__package__’, ‘__spec__’, ‘add’, ‘cal’, ‘calc’, ‘div’, ‘exp’, ‘floordiv’, ‘i’, ‘mul’, ‘os’, ‘sub’, ‘sys’]<\/div>\n
      To get a list of built-in functions and variables, we do the following, instead:<\/p>\n
      >>> import builtins\r\n>>> dir(builtins)<\/pre>\n
      Output<\/strong><\/p>\n
      [‘ArithmeticError’, ‘AssertionError’, ‘AttributeError’, ‘BaseException’, ‘BlockingIOError’, ‘BrokenPipeError’, ‘BufferError’, ‘BytesWarning’, ‘ChildProcessError’, ‘ConnectionAbortedError’, ‘ConnectionError’, ‘ConnectionRefusedError’, ‘ConnectionResetError’, ‘DeprecationWarning’, ‘EOFError’, ‘Ellipsis’, ‘EnvironmentError’, ‘Exception’, ‘False’, ‘FileExistsError’, ‘FileNotFoundError’, ‘FloatingPointError’, ‘FutureWarning’, ‘GeneratorExit’, ‘IOError’, ‘ImportError’, ‘ImportWarning’, ‘IndentationError’, ‘IndexError’, ‘InterruptedError’, ‘IsADirectoryError’, ‘KeyError’, ‘KeyboardInterrupt’, ‘LookupError’, ‘MemoryError’, ‘ModuleNotFoundError’, ‘NameError’, ‘None’, ‘NotADirectoryError’, ‘NotImplemented’, ‘NotImplementedError’, ‘OSError’, ‘OverflowError’, ‘PendingDeprecationWarning’, ‘PermissionError’, ‘ProcessLookupError’, ‘RecursionError’, ‘ReferenceError’, ‘ResourceWarning’, ‘RuntimeError’, ‘RuntimeWarning’, ‘StopAsyncIteration’, ‘StopIteration’, ‘SyntaxError’, ‘SyntaxWarning’, ‘SystemError’, ‘SystemExit’, ‘TabError’, ‘TimeoutError’, ‘True’, ‘TypeError’, ‘UnboundLocalError’, ‘UnicodeDecodeError’, ‘UnicodeEncodeError’, ‘UnicodeError’, ‘UnicodeTranslateError’, ‘UnicodeWarning’, ‘UserWarning’, ‘ValueError’, ‘Warning’, ‘WindowsError’, ‘ZeroDivisionError’, ‘_’, ‘__build_class__’, ‘__debug__’, ‘__doc__’, ‘__import__’, ‘__loader__’, ‘__name__’, ‘__package__’, ‘__spec__’, ‘abs’, ‘all’, ‘any’, ‘ascii’, ‘bin’, ‘bool’, ‘bytearray’, ‘bytes’, ‘callable’, ‘chr’, ‘classmethod’, ‘compile’, ‘complex’, ‘copyright’, ‘credits’, ‘delattr’, ‘dict’, ‘dir’, ‘divmod’, ‘enumerate’, ‘eval’, ‘exec’, ‘exit’, ‘filter’, ‘float’, ‘format’, ‘frozenset’, ‘getattr’, ‘globals’, ‘hasattr’, ‘hash’, ‘help’, ‘hex’, ‘id’, ‘input’, ‘int’, ‘isinstance’, ‘issubclass’, ‘iter’, ‘len’, ‘license’, ‘list’, ‘locals’, ‘map’, ‘max’, ‘memoryview’, ‘min’, ‘next’, ‘object’, ‘oct’, ‘open’, ‘ord’, ‘pow’, ‘print’, ‘property’, ‘quit’, ‘range’, ‘repr’, ‘reversed’, ’round’, ‘set’, ‘setattr’, ‘slice’, ‘sorted’, ‘staticmethod’, ‘str’, ‘sum’, ‘super’, ‘tuple’, ‘type’, ‘vars’, ‘zip’]<\/div>\n
      This was all on Python modules. Hope the Python Modules article was informative.<\/p>\n
      Python Interview Questions on Modules<\/h3>\n
        \n
      1. What is a module in Python? Explain with an example.<\/li>\n
      2. Explain the purpose of using Python modules.<\/li>\n
      3. How many modules are there in Python?<\/li>\n
      4. How to install and open a Python module?<\/li>\n
      5. Where are Python modules stored?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
        Conclusion<\/h3>\n
        While this is all about Python modules, we suggest you also read about Packages in Python. Then, maybe you should switch to Packages vs Modules.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
        In this Python Module tutorial, we will discuss what a module is in the Python programming language. Moreover, we will talk about how to create Python modules and import modules in Python. 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