So, let’s start the Python 3.6 Tutorial.<\/p>\n
![\"What's](\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/03\/Whats-new-in-Python-3.jpg\")
<\/a>What’s New in Python 3.6? | New Features in Python 3.6<\/p><\/div>\n
What’s new in Python 3.6?<\/h3>\n
We know that the future belongs to Python 3.x. But we have a number of versions in Python 3000. For example, Python 3.3.3 and Python 3.4.3. The latest version of Python is 3.6. So, let\u2019s see what’s new in Python 3.6 and how it is different from older versions, Python 3.6 performance, and features.<\/p>\n
New Syntax Features\u00a0 of Python 3.6<\/h3>\n
With Python 3.6, we see some new syntax features. Let\u2019s take a look.<\/p>\n
1. PEP 498 (Formatted String Literals)<\/strong><\/h4>\nYou guessed it right. PEP 498 introduces f-strings.<\/p>\n
An f-string is a string that you can format to put values inside it. For this, we precede the string with an \u2018f\u2019 or an \u2018F\u2019. We mention the variables inside curly braces.<\/p>\n
>>> hometown,city='Ahmedabad','Indore'\r\n>>> print(f\"I love {hometown}, but I live in {city}\")<\/pre>\nI love Ahmedabad, but I live in Indore<\/p>\n
For more on f-strings, read Python Strings<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n2. PEP 526 (Syntax for Variable Annotations)<\/strong><\/h4>\nPEP 484 standardizes type annotations for function parameters. We also call these type hints.<\/p>\n
>>> class A:\r\n name:str\r\n>>> A.__annotations__\r\n{'name': <class 'str'>}<\/pre>\nAnnotations do not convey meaning to the interpreter and are of use to third-party tools and libraries.<\/p>\n
3. PEP 515 (Underscores in Numeric Literals)<\/strong><\/h4>\nWith PEP 515, we can use underscores in numeric literals- between digits and after base specifiers.<\/p>\n
>>> 0x_FF_FE_FF_FE<\/pre>\n4294901758<\/p>\n
4. PEP 525 (Asynchronous Generators)<\/strong><\/h4>\nPEP 492 introduced native coroutines and async\/await syntax. Unlike Python 3.5, Python 3.6 can have await and yield in the same function body. So, we can define asynchronous generators:<\/p>\n
>>> async def ticker(delay, to):\r\n \"\"\"Yield numbers from 0 to *to* every *delay* seconds.\"\"\"\r\n for i in range(to):\r\n yield i\r\n await asyncio.sleep(delay)<\/pre>\nThis makes code faster and more concise.<\/p>\n
5. PEP 530 (Asynchronous Comprehensions)<\/strong><\/h4>\nWith PEP 530, you can use async for in lists, sets, dict comprehensions, and generator expressions.<\/p>\n
result = [i async for i in aiter() if i % 2]<\/p>\n
6. PEP 487 (Simpler Customization of Class Creation)<\/strong><\/h4>\nNow, we don\u2019t need a metaclass to customize subclass creation. Whenever we create a new subclass, it calls the __init_subclass__ classmethod.<\/p>\n
class PluginBase:\r\n subclasses = []\r\n def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs):\r\n super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs)\r\n cls.subclasses.append(cls)\r\nclass Plugin1(PluginBase): pass\r\nclass Plugin2(PluginBase): pass<\/pre>\n7. PEP 495 (Local Time Disambiguation)<\/strong><\/h4>\nPEP 495 introduces the \u2018fold\u2019 attribute to instances of the datetime. datetime and datetime.time classes. This way, it can differentiate between two moments in time with the same local times.<\/p>\n
8. PEP 529 (Change Windows filesystem encoding to UTF-8)<\/strong><\/h4>\nWith Python 3.6, no data loss occurs when we use byte paths on Windows.<\/p>\n
9. PEP 528 (Change Windows console encoding to UTF-8)<\/strong><\/h4>\nNow, the default console on Windows accepts all Unicode characters. It also provides correctly-read str objects to Python code. Now, sys.stdin, sys.stdout, and sys.stderr default to utf-8 encoding.<\/p>\n
10. PEP 520 (Preserving Class Attribute Definition Order)<\/strong><\/h4>\nWith PEP 520, the natural ordering of attributes in a class is preserved in the class\u2019 __dict__ attribute. Now, the default effective class \u2018execution\u2019 namespace is an insertion-order-preserving mapping.<\/p>\n
k. PEP 468 (Preserving Keyword Argument Order)<\/p>\n
Python now guarantees that **kwargs in a function signature is an insertion-order-preserving mapping.<\/p>\n
11. PEP 523 (Adding a frame evaluation API to CPython)<\/strong><\/h4>\nPEP 523 introduces an API to make frame evaluation pluggable at the C level. This way, tools like debuggers and JITs can intercept frame evaluation before the Python code even begins to execute.<\/p>\n
These are the Python 3.6 new feature syntax.<\/p>\n
Read:13 Unique Features of the Python Programming Language<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\nOther Additions in Python 3.6<\/h3>\n\n- The PYTHONMALLOC environment variable allows us to set the Python memory allocators and install debug hooks.<\/li>\n
- New dict implementation- Now, dict() uses between 20% and 25% less memory compared to Python 3.5.<\/li>\n
- Earlier, it would give you a SyntaxWarning if you did not use a \u2018global\u2019 or \u2018nonlocal\u2019 statement before the first use of the affected name in that scope.<\/li>\n
- Now, Import raises the new exception ModuleNotFoundError, which is a subclass of ImportError. Code that checks for ImportError still works.<\/li>\n
- The interpreter now abbreviates long sequences of repeated traceback lines as “[Previous\u00a0line\u00a0repeated\u00a0{count}\u00a0more\u00a0times]”.<\/li>\n
- Class methods that rely on zero-argument super() now work perfectly when we call them from metaclass methods at class creation.<\/li>\n
- Now, we can set a special method to None when we want to indicate that the operation is unavailable. For instance, a class that sets __iter__() to None isn\u2019t iterable.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
There is something extremely new in Python 3.6.<\/p>\n
New Modules in Python 3.6<\/h3>\na. secrets<\/strong><\/h4>\nPython 3.6 introduces a new module, \u2018secrets\u2019. This module lends us a way to reliably generate cryptographically strong pseudo-random values. Using these, we can manage secrets like account authentication, tokens, and so.<\/p>\n
![\"What's](\"https:\/\/data-flair.training\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/03\/whats-new-in-python-3.6-secrets-.png\")
<\/a>What’s new in Python 3.6 – Secrets<\/p><\/div>\n
I love Ahmedabad, but I live in Indore<\/p>\n
For more on f-strings, read Python Strings<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n PEP 484 standardizes type annotations for function parameters. We also call these type hints.<\/p>\n Annotations do not convey meaning to the interpreter and are of use to third-party tools and libraries.<\/p>\n With PEP 515, we can use underscores in numeric literals- between digits and after base specifiers.<\/p>\n 4294901758<\/p>\n PEP 492 introduced native coroutines and async\/await syntax. Unlike Python 3.5, Python 3.6 can have await and yield in the same function body. So, we can define asynchronous generators:<\/p>\n This makes code faster and more concise.<\/p>\n With PEP 530, you can use async for in lists, sets, dict comprehensions, and generator expressions.<\/p>\n result = [i async for i in aiter() if i % 2]<\/p>\n Now, we don\u2019t need a metaclass to customize subclass creation. Whenever we create a new subclass, it calls the __init_subclass__ classmethod.<\/p>\n PEP 495 introduces the \u2018fold\u2019 attribute to instances of the datetime. datetime and datetime.time classes. This way, it can differentiate between two moments in time with the same local times.<\/p>\n With Python 3.6, no data loss occurs when we use byte paths on Windows.<\/p>\n Now, the default console on Windows accepts all Unicode characters. It also provides correctly-read str objects to Python code. Now, sys.stdin, sys.stdout, and sys.stderr default to utf-8 encoding.<\/p>\n With PEP 520, the natural ordering of attributes in a class is preserved in the class\u2019 __dict__ attribute. Now, the default effective class \u2018execution\u2019 namespace is an insertion-order-preserving mapping.<\/p>\n k. PEP 468 (Preserving Keyword Argument Order)<\/p>\n Python now guarantees that **kwargs in a function signature is an insertion-order-preserving mapping.<\/p>\n PEP 523 introduces an API to make frame evaluation pluggable at the C level. This way, tools like debuggers and JITs can intercept frame evaluation before the Python code even begins to execute.<\/p>\n These are the Python 3.6 new feature syntax.<\/p>\n Read:13 Unique Features of the Python Programming Language<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n There is something extremely new in Python 3.6.<\/p>\n Python 3.6 introduces a new module, \u2018secrets\u2019. This module lends us a way to reliably generate cryptographically strong pseudo-random values. Using these, we can manage secrets like account authentication, tokens, and so.<\/p>\n What’s new in Python 3.6 – Secrets<\/p><\/div>\n2. PEP 526 (Syntax for Variable Annotations)<\/strong><\/h4>\n
>>> class A:\r\n name:str\r\n>>> A.__annotations__\r\n{'name': <class 'str'>}<\/pre>\n3. PEP 515 (Underscores in Numeric Literals)<\/strong><\/h4>\n
>>> 0x_FF_FE_FF_FE<\/pre>\n
4. PEP 525 (Asynchronous Generators)<\/strong><\/h4>\n
>>> async def ticker(delay, to):\r\n \"\"\"Yield numbers from 0 to *to* every *delay* seconds.\"\"\"\r\n for i in range(to):\r\n yield i\r\n await asyncio.sleep(delay)<\/pre>\n
5. PEP 530 (Asynchronous Comprehensions)<\/strong><\/h4>\n
6. PEP 487 (Simpler Customization of Class Creation)<\/strong><\/h4>\n
class PluginBase:\r\n subclasses = []\r\n def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs):\r\n super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs)\r\n cls.subclasses.append(cls)\r\nclass Plugin1(PluginBase): pass\r\nclass Plugin2(PluginBase): pass<\/pre>\n
7. PEP 495 (Local Time Disambiguation)<\/strong><\/h4>\n
8. PEP 529 (Change Windows filesystem encoding to UTF-8)<\/strong><\/h4>\n
9. PEP 528 (Change Windows console encoding to UTF-8)<\/strong><\/h4>\n
10. PEP 520 (Preserving Class Attribute Definition Order)<\/strong><\/h4>\n
11. PEP 523 (Adding a frame evaluation API to CPython)<\/strong><\/h4>\n
Other Additions in Python 3.6<\/h3>\n
\n
New Modules in Python 3.6<\/h3>\n
a. secrets<\/strong><\/h4>\n
<\/a>